| What is the purpose of the guidance covered in the compilation? | the Indian academic research communi- ty to be at par with international benchma- rks for research quality, integrity, and excellence | This compilati- on also covers guidance from several intern - ationally and nationally recognized model documents on best practices and framewo- rks of research. The guidance will help prep- are the Indian academic research communi- ty to be at par with international benchma- rks for research quality, integrity, and excellence. I congratulate the Vice Chairman, UGC, the knowledge partner Clarivate, and the expert group committee members who have work- ed tirelessly to conceptualize and compile this document. | 195 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | The guidance will help prep- are the Indian academic research communi- ty to be at par with international benchma- rks for research quality, integrity, and excellence. | 4 | page=4,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| How does the US Office of Science and Technology Policy describe research misconduct? | fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results | According to the US Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results” (Federal Research Misconduct Policy, 2000). The terms fabrication, falsifica- tion, and plagiarism are defined as: “Fabrication: Making up data or results. 4 Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately repre- sented in the research record. 4 Plagiarism: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit (The Office of Research Integrity, 2020a). | 96 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | According to the US Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results” (Federal Research Misconduct Policy, 2000). |
| How is the framework described in terms of its application to various research institutions? | a living document that must be interpreted and applied within the specific context of each research institution. | To operationalize the above values, this document develops a multi-part framework, built around the research cycle, to guide researchers and institutions in achieving research integrity and ethical behaviour. The purpose of this framework is to encour- age discussion and debate about ethical research practice and not merely to provide a set of rules that must be adhered to without reflection. This framework is meant to be the beginning of a living document that must be interpreted and applied within the specific context of each research institution. The framework focuses on three stages of the research life cycle: 1. Research Design 2. Conduct of Research 3. Research Dissemination | 443 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | This framework is meant to be the beginning of a living document that must be interpreted and applied within the specific context of each research institution. The framework focuses on three stages of the research life cycle: 1. | 15 |
| What actions are involved in falsification in research misconduct? | Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results | According to the US Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results” (Federal Research Misconduct Policy, 2000). The terms fabrication, falsifica- tion, and plagiarism are defined as: “Fabrication: Making up data or results. 4 Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately repre- sented in the research record. 4 Plagiarism: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit (The Office of Research Integrity, 2020a). | 394 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | 4 Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately repre- sented in the research record. | 22 | page=22,block=1 |
| What assumption underlies citation searches that help uncover hidden connections between articles? | that two conceptually-related articles will share several references | Citation searches that operate on the premise that two conceptually-related articles will share several references, often reveal hidden connections. Conducting a literature review is usually recursive. Reviewing previous research should lead to further lines of enquiry and take the researcher to relevant literature and so on. This process should help the researcher to refine the search to most relevant sources. Suggestions in the literature for future research are often a good source of ideas and novel formulations of research questions. It is not easy to critically and objectively analyse scientific literature. | 46 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | Citation searches that operate on the premise that two conceptually-related articles will share several references, often reveal hidden connections. | 18 | page=18,block=14 | 0.700 | valid |
| What determines the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) of a journal? | The number of citations a journal receives in a given year, taken against the total citable items it published over the preceding two- year period | Publishers want to maintain a portfolio of highly-regarded journals; authors and their employers want publications in prestigious journals to burnish their individual and institutional reputations; and funders are similarly motivated to sup- port researchers who have published and will continue to publish highly-cited research in such journals. An extreme case of corruption has been noticed in journal publications where it is now possible to buy and sell co- authorships of articles that have been accepted for publication even in some of the most reputable academic outlets (Hvist- endahl, 2013). The number of citations a journal receives in a given year, taken against the total citable items it published over the preceding two- year period, determines its Journal Impact TM Factor (JIF). | 602 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | An extreme case of corruption has been noticed in journal publications where it is now possible to buy and sell co- authorships of articles that have been accepted for publication even in some of the most reputable academic outlets (Hvist- endahl, 2013). The number of citations a journal receives in a given year, taken against the total citable items it published over the preceding two- year period, determines its Journal Impact TM Factor (JIF). |
| What does plagiarism entail in the context of research misconduct? | The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit | According to the US Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results” (Federal Research Misconduct Policy, 2000). The terms fabrication, falsifica- tion, and plagiarism are defined as: “Fabrication: Making up data or results. 4 Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately repre- sented in the research record. 4 Plagiarism: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit (The Office of Research Integrity, 2020a). | 585 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | 4 Plagiarism: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit (The Office of Research Integrity, 2020a). | 22 | page=22,block=1 |
| What does plagiarism in research entail according to Martin (2013)? | a researcher using other’s material in such a way that it presents a mis- leading picture of being the researcher’s own contribution | It has to be something that scientists believe is good for their science to do. Top-down approaches, such as institutions and funding agencies trying to promote best practices, could also help, but it has to be an agreement among all stakeholders. And scientists must believe that such efforts will help the results and their science to be more reliable.” (Stanford Medi- cine News Center, 2017) Plagiarism is the most common form of scien- tific misconduct (Martin, 2013). Plagiarism in research entails a researcher using other’s material in such a way that it presents a mis- leading picture of being the researcher’s own contribution. plagiarism can concern various aspects of research and its contents. Chaddah (2014) has discussed three types of plagiarism: 4 Copying text from another author without appropriate permission or attribution and acknowledgement. | 505 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | Plagiarism in research entails a researcher using other’s material in such a way that it presents a mis- leading picture of being the researcher’s own contribution. |
| What does the JIF provide for scholarly communication? | an important and objective measure of a journal’s contribu- tion to scholarly communication | The JIF provides an important and objective measure of a journal’s contribu- tion to scholarly communication. A confluence of motivations can result in various forms of malpractice ranging from biased reviews arising from conflicts of interest between reviewers and authors, citation coercion, and inflated author and journal self-citations. Building a strong culture of research integrity along with constant vigilance is necessary to curtail such misconduct. that is not enough. Here again, the ORI has an important role to play in educating and training researchers at all stages of their career. Education and training can be built upon guidance from COPE, the REAPPRAISED checklist, and the Johnson Report on scholarly and scientific publishing (Johnson, et al., 2018), among others (See Appendix 1). | 17 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | The JIF provides an important and objective measure of a journal’s contribu- tion to scholarly communication. | 30 | page=30,block=1 |
| What does the prevalent model of the scientific method focus on when addressing research problems? | reducing research problems into manageable sub-problems | The prevalent model of the “scientific method” of reducing research problems into manageable sub-problems that has been so successful in advancing research in the physical and natural sciences and engineering does not always transfer effectively to addressing research problems in the social sciences and the humanities (Bhattacherjee, 2012; Donovan and Hoover, 2013; Latour and Woolgar, 1979). Social science research tends to leverage theory- building wherein a researcher observes events, establishes the relationships bet- ween events and associated factors influenc- ing the events, locates the common factor, verifies the explanation in various contexts to generalize the explanation and finally, con- firms the explanation as a theory. Theory- building is perhaps the most difficult aspect of social science research because of the | 50 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.ugc.gov.in/e-book/UGC_GARP_2020_Good%20Academic%20Research%20Practices.pdf | The prevalent model of the “scientific method” of reducing research problems into manageable sub-problems that has been so successful in advancing research in the physical and natural sciences and engineering does not always transfer effectively to addressing research problems in the social sciences and the humanities (Bhattacherjee, 2012; Donovan and Hoover, 2013; Latour and Woolgar, 1979). |