14 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Agricultural diversification and enhancing farm income: Learning from grassroots, published by epubs.icar.org.in. Source-evidenced topics include agricultural diversification, enhancing farm income, krishi vigyan kendras (kvks), madhya pradesh, high value crops, heterogeneity treatment effect, structured sampling method, farm households. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 9 factual, 2 list, 2 summary, 1 relationship. 5 of the 14 pairs (35.7%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 9 are factual or table-based questions. 92.86% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 14 question-and-answer pairs derived from a study on agricultural diversification and farm income enhancement, focusing on Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and their initiatives in Madhya Pradesh. The questions cover topics such as heterogeneity treatment effects, structured sampling methods, and the impact of KVK interventions on farm households. The dataset includes factual, list-based, summary, and relationship questions, with answers sourced directly from the study's text. It highlights the role of KVKs in addressing agrarian distress and improving farmers' welfare through targeted interventions.
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df = desidata.load("epubs-icar-org-in-e96a1b1b0038bb61d49e3c83d43d4abb")
df.head()First 10 of 14 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under what conditions does the Indian Council of Agricultural Research allow the use of material from The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 474 | relationship | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. | p[15] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What can recognition and response to heterogeneity treatment effect help achieve in the context of KVKs’ DFI initiatives? | optimizing resource allocation, enhancing programme effectiveness and maximizing the potential impact of the KVKs’ DFI initiatives | The results indicated that average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), which is the difference between matched DFI and non- DFI households after accounting for counterfactual, was positive and significant. The value of ATT implies that net income of DFI households was more than that of non-DFI households by 111%. The net income of DFI households has increased by 156% during 2016–17 (the year of launch of KVKs' DFI scheme) to 2020–21. Households with male heads, without any other source of income, owning smaller livestock and land holdings were observed to get benefit from participation in the interventions on DFI made by the KVKs. Recognition and response to the heterogeneity treatment effect can help in optimizing resource allocation, enhancing programme effectiveness and maximizing the potential impact of the KVKs’ DFI initiatives. | 717 | summary | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Recognition and response to the heterogeneity treatment effect can help in optimizing resource allocation, enhancing programme effectiveness and maximizing the potential impact of the KVKs’ DFI initiatives. | ||||
| What is the national priority mentioned to address agrarian distress and improve farmers' welfare? | Enhancing the income of farmers | Enhancing the income of farmers is a national priority to address the agrarian issue of distress and improving farmers’ welfare. In this context, a network of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) was engaged to make interventions on farmers’ field. This study carried out in Madhya Pradesh, presents the quantitative assessment on the impacts of KVKs’ initiatives in terms of different interventions made to contribute in farmers' income (doubling farmers income, DFI). The structured sampling method was followed using multi-stage random sampling. This has covered selecting 11 agro-climatic regions of the state and 25% of KVKs from each region. Further, 2 treatment (DFI) and 2 control (non-DFI) villages were taken. from each village, a total of 20 farm households were taken. | 0 | summary | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Enhancing the income of farmers is a national priority to address the agrarian issue of distress and improving farmers’ welfare. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| Which households were observed to benefit from participation in the DFI interventions made by the KVKs? | Households with male heads, without any other source of income, owning smaller livestock and land holdings | The results indicated that average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), which is the difference between matched DFI and non- DFI households after accounting for counterfactual, was positive and significant. The value of ATT implies that net income of DFI households was more than that of non-DFI households by 111%. The net income of DFI households has increased by 156% during 2016–17 (the year of launch of KVKs' DFI scheme) to 2020–21. Households with male heads, without any other source of income, owning smaller livestock and land holdings were observed to get benefit from participation in the interventions on DFI made by the KVKs. Recognition and response to the heterogeneity treatment effect can help in optimizing resource allocation, enhancing programme effectiveness and maximizing the potential impact of the KVKs’ DFI initiatives. | 441 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | The net income of DFI households has increased by 156% during 2016–17 (the year of launch of KVKs' DFI scheme) to 2020–21. Households with male heads, without any other source of income, owning smaller livestock and land holdings were observed to get benefit from participation in the interventions on DFI made by the KVKs. | ||||
| Which tools or platforms index The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ. | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 727 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | ||||
| Who holds the copyright for articles published in The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | Indian Council of Agricultural Research | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 213 | factual | 0.570 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. | ||||
| What percentage of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) were selected from each region? | 25% of KVKs | Enhancing the income of farmers is a national priority to address the agrarian issue of distress and improving farmers’ welfare. In this context, a network of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) was engaged to make interventions on farmers’ field. This study carried out in Madhya Pradesh, presents the quantitative assessment on the impacts of KVKs’ initiatives in terms of different interventions made to contribute in farmers' income (doubling farmers income, DFI). The structured sampling method was followed using multi-stage random sampling. This has covered selecting 11 agro-climatic regions of the state and 25% of KVKs from each region. Further, 2 treatment (DFI) and 2 control (non-DFI) villages were taken. from each village, a total of 20 farm households were taken. | 610 | factual | 0.490 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | This has covered selecting 11 agro-climatic regions of the state and 25% of KVKs from each region. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What is the NAAS Rating of The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences for the year 2026? | 6.7 | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 681 | factual | 0.370 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. | p[15] | 0.700 | ||
| What is the online ISSN of The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | 2394-3319 | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 653 | factual | 0.370 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. | p[15] | 0.700 | ||
| What is the print ISSN of The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | 0019-5022 | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 632 | factual | 0.370 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/148636 | Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. | p[15] | 0.700 |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
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| 0.700 |
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| 0.700 |
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| p[15] |
| 0.700 |
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| 0.700 |
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| valid |
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