15 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Alleviation of sodic water irrigation induced sodicity through microbial bioformulations, published by epubs.icar.org.in. Source-evidenced topics include sodic water irrigation, sodicity, microbial bioformulations, gypsum application, microbial consortia, azotobacter, phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, zinc solubilizing bacteria. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 7 factual, 4 list, 3 relationship, 1 summary. 8 of the 15 pairs (53.3%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 7 are factual or table-based questions. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 15 question-and-answer pairs derived from a study on alleviating sodicity caused by sodic water irrigation using microbial bioformulations and gypsum. The field experiment, conducted at Punjab Agricultural University during the rainy seasons of 2019–2021, evaluated the effects of microbial consortia and gypsum application on soil properties and seed-cotton yield. Questions address topics such as soil pH changes, gypsum application rates, and microbial consortia combinations. The dataset provides verbatim answers and source quotes for validation.
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df = desidata.load("epubs-icar-org-in-33bc006cbf7419eced219d5f1908e4e3")
df.head()First 10 of 15 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What are the requirements for using material from The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 483 | relationship | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. | p[23] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What happens to exchangeable sodium percentage and soil pH with combined application of gypsum and bioformulations? | soilpH and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased | soilpH and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased, whereas MBC and dehydrogenase- activity increased with combined application of gypsum and bioformulations. it can be concluded that the farmers facing scarcity of good quality gypsum can use these bio-formulation to substitute some part of the gypsum requirement for ameliorating soils irrigated with SW. Amrhein C and Suarez D L. 1987. Calcite supersaturation in soils as a result of organic matter mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51: 932–37. Arora S, Singh Y P, Vanza M and Sahni D. 2016. Bio-remediation of saline and sodic soils through halophilic bacteria to enhance agricultural production. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 15: 302–05. Ayers R S and Westcot D W. 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Paper 29, FAO, Rome. Bailly A and Weisskopf L. 2012. | 0 | relationship | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | soilpH and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased, whereas MBC and dehydrogenase- activity increased with combined application of gypsum and bioformulations. | ||||
| What was the goal of the field experiment conducted at Punjab Agricultural University during the rainy seasons of 2019, 2020, and 2021? | to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress | A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. Cotton seeds were inoculated just before sowing with microbial consortia, viz. | 137 | summary | 0.970 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. | ||||
| How did soil pH change under sodic water irrigation compared to canal water irrigation? | increased by 8.0% | (a) un-inoculated; (b) Azo (Azotobacter); (c) Azo + PSB (phosphorous solubilizing bacteria) and (d) Azo + PSB + ZnSB (Zinc solubilizing bacteria). Results revealed that compared with CW irrigated plots, seed-cotton yield decreased by 27.4% in SW irrigated plots. Likewise, soilpH values increased by 8.0% while microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 19.0% under SW compared with CW irrigation. Among different bioformulations, the pooled mean value of seed cotton yield (SCY) was the maximum (45.9 q/ha) for plots inoculated with consortia of Azo + PSB + ZnSB relative to the un-inoculated treatment (41.8 q/ha). Application of microbial consortia Azo + PSB + ZnSB with gypsum (12.5% or 25% of GR) to SW-irrigated plots showed seed-cotton yield greater than those plots amended with gypsum at 50% GR. | 287 | relationship | 0.890 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | Likewise, soilpH values increased by 8.0% while microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 19.0% under SW compared with CW irrigation. | p[0] | 0.700 | ||
| What were the gypsum application rates used under sodic water irrigation in the field experiment? | 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) | A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. Cotton seeds were inoculated just before sowing with microbial consortia, viz. | 624 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. | p[0] | 0.700 | ||
| What were the primary treatments evaluated in the field experiment at Punjab Agricultural University? | irrigation water quality and gypsum application | A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. Cotton seeds were inoculated just before sowing with microbial consortia, viz. | 337 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. | p[0] | |||
| What were the three rates of gypsum application under sodic water irrigation in the experiment? | 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) | A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019, 2020 and 2021 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to evaluate the potential of microbial bio-formulations with or without gypsum for ameliorating irrigation water-induced sodicity stress. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design (SPD) with irrigation water quality and gypsum application as the main treatment and microbial bio-formulation inoculation as the sub treatment with three replications. The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. Cotton seeds were inoculated just before sowing with microbial consortia, viz. | 624 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | The soil was irrigated with canal water (CW) and sodic water (SW) (RSC 12.5 meq/L) while gypsum was applied at three rates, viz. 12.5%, 25% and 50% of gypsum requirement (GR) under SW. | p[0] | 0.700 | ||
| Which indexing platforms include The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 727 | list | 0.820 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | ||||
| Which combination of microbial consortia achieved the highest pooled mean value of seed cotton yield? | Azo + PSB + ZnSB | (a) un-inoculated; (b) Azo (Azotobacter); (c) Azo + PSB (phosphorous solubilizing bacteria) and (d) Azo + PSB + ZnSB (Zinc solubilizing bacteria). Results revealed that compared with CW irrigated plots, seed-cotton yield decreased by 27.4% in SW irrigated plots. Likewise, soilpH values increased by 8.0% while microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 19.0% under SW compared with CW irrigation. Among different bioformulations, the pooled mean value of seed cotton yield (SCY) was the maximum (45.9 q/ha) for plots inoculated with consortia of Azo + PSB + ZnSB relative to the un-inoculated treatment (41.8 q/ha). Application of microbial consortia Azo + PSB + ZnSB with gypsum (12.5% or 25% of GR) to SW-irrigated plots showed seed-cotton yield greater than those plots amended with gypsum at 50% GR. | 100 | factual | 0.570 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | (a) un-inoculated; (b) Azo (Azotobacter); (c) Azo + PSB (phosphorous solubilizing bacteria) and (d) Azo + PSB + ZnSB (Zinc solubilizing bacteria). | p[0] | 0.700 | ||
| Who holds the copyright for articles published in The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences? | Indian Council of Agricultural Research | This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. International License. The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR. Print ISSN:0019-5022Online ISSN:2394-3319NAAS Rating (2026):6.7WoS Impact Factor (June 2026):0. Indexedin Elsevier Scopus, Clarivate Analytics ESCI, DOAJ.Plagiarism checkby iThenticate.The work is licensed underAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. | 213 | factual | 0.570 | https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAgS/article/view/150333 | The copyright of the articles published inThe Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciencesis vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| p[0] |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| p[0] |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| valid |
| valid |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| valid |
| p[23] |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| valid |
| p[23] |
| 0.700 |
| valid |