233 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Farmers׳ perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. The source is a 20-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include farmers' perception, drought impacts, local adaptation, administrative mitigation measures, maharashtra state, india, climate change adaptation, agriculture. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 118 factual, 55 list, 27 relationship, 17 definition, 14 summary, 2 comparison. 115 of the 233 pairs (49.4%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 118 are factual or table-based questions. 98.28% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 233 question-and-answer pairs exploring farmers' perceptions of drought impacts, local adaptation strategies, and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra, India. The data is sourced from a 20-page publication and includes questions categorized as factual, explanatory, and comparative. Farmers' responses highlight their awareness of drought severity, adaptation practices, and challenges in implementing mitigation strategies. The dataset also examines administrative measures like water tanker deployment and fodder distribution during droughts.
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df.head()First 10 of 233 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What are the main district areas in the Upper Bhima catchment? | three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur | The Upper Bhima catchment frequently suffers from droughts and water scarcity. There are three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur. Each district is divided into sub-district areas with low population density (below 200 people per sq. | 89 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | There are three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur. | 2 | page=2,block=4 | 0.850 | valid |
| How is drought categorized in the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan? | drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue | Also, according to the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan [85], drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue; improvement in the management of these relief measures is necessary to mitigate the drought impacts on farming community. | 82 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Also, according to the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan [85], drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue; improvement in the management of these relief measures is necessary to mitigate the drought impacts on farming community. | 14 | page=14,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| How is meteorological drought defined by the India Meteorological Department? | a situation when rainfall over an area is less than 75% of the climatological normal | The India Meteorological Department (IMD) defines meteorological drought as a situation when rainfall over an area is less than 75% of the climatological normal [8] (i.e., a rainfall deficiency of 25%). According to the Disaster Prevention Organization [9] approximately 410 major drought events were reported globally during 1980–2008, affecting 53.5 million people each year. Due to increasing temperature, water stress, frequency of El Nino events, and decreasing number of rainy days, production of rice, maize and wheat has declined in many parts of Asia in the past few decades [10]. | 76 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | The India Meteorological Department (IMD) defines meteorological drought as a situation when rainfall over an area is less than 75% of the climatological normal [8] (i.e., a rainfall deficiency of 25%). | 2 | page=2,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the IMD's classification for a severe drought? | rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average | population on groundwater resources. More than half of irrigation water comes from groundwater [28]. The groundwater in the region acts as a buffer for long-term rainfall and surface water shortage, however, the average residence time of the shallow, accessible groundwater in the sub-catchment is less than four years [31]. prolonged droughts (i.e., greater than two years duration) or consecutive years of reduced monsoon rainfall can severely threaten the livelihoods of farmers in the Upper Bhima catchment. The IMD has classified drought as moderate drought when rainfall deficiency is 25–50% and severe drought when rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average (i.e., rainfall less than 50% of the climato- logical normal). | 622 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | The IMD has classified drought as moderate drought when rainfall deficiency is 25–50% and severe drought when rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average (i.e., rainfall less than 50% of the climato- logical normal). | 3 | page=3,block=0 | ||
| What is the initial step in adapting to drought at the household level? | the perception that drought is occurring | 4.5.1. Household level adaptations Adaptation to drought is a two-step process, which initially requires the perception that drought is occurring and then responding to its various impacts through adaptation and mitigation activities [38]. The previous section has shown that the farmers are well aware of drought impacts and its severity. Based on the perception of drought impact severity, farmers used various drought preparedness and adaptation measures to mitigate the drought impacts. Various drought preparedness measures adopted by farmers are shown in Fig. 8. Drought mainly affects the crop and livestock production, therefore, about 78.8% of farmers preferred not to sell their crop produce, and instead they stored it to deal with anticipated droughts. | 105 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Household level adaptations Adaptation to drought is a two-step process, which initially requires the perception that drought is occurring and then responding to its various impacts through adaptation and mitigation activities [38]. | 10 | page=10,block=3 | ||
| What is the purpose of using transitional statements in a questionnaire? | to switch between different topics or sections | To avoid these biases, [33–37] suggest various steps while designing and administering the questionnaire. The words used in the questions should be simple, familiar and unambiguous to the target population. The length of the questionnaire should be short in order to avoid response fatigue and skipping questions tendencies. The investigator should be careful while designing and administering the questionnaire to avoid various types of biases [33–37]. The investigator should pay attention towards the flow of questions. Questions on a same topic should be grouped together and transitional statements should be used to switch between different topics or sections. | 619 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Questions on a same topic should be grouped together and transitional statements should be used to switch between different topics or sections. | 4 | page=4,block=4 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the second step in adapting to drought at the household level? | responding to its various impacts through adaptation and mitigation activities | 4.5.1. Household level adaptations Adaptation to drought is a two-step process, which initially requires the perception that drought is occurring and then responding to its various impacts through adaptation and mitigation activities [38]. The previous section has shown that the farmers are well aware of drought impacts and its severity. Based on the perception of drought impact severity, farmers used various drought preparedness and adaptation measures to mitigate the drought impacts. Various drought preparedness measures adopted by farmers are shown in Fig. 8. Drought mainly affects the crop and livestock production, therefore, about 78.8% of farmers preferred not to sell their crop produce, and instead they stored it to deal with anticipated droughts. | 155 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Household level adaptations Adaptation to drought is a two-step process, which initially requires the perception that drought is occurring and then responding to its various impacts through adaptation and mitigation activities [38]. | 10 | |||
| What is Drought? | a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State | Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State. Recently Maharashtra State has experienced a drought of moderate severity which commenced in 2011 and continued, expanded and further deteriorated into 2012. | 11 | definition | 0.980 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State. | 14 | page=14,block=3 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is individual farming household? | considered as a primary sampling unit | In order to fulfill the objectives of the study and to capture the scenario of recent drought 2012, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted in the Upper Bhima catchment during May 2013 (Appendix A). An individual farming household is considered as a primary sampling unit. A multi-stage stratified systematic sampling techni- que was used to select samples from the target population (villages as a penultimate unit (cluster) and household as final unit) [40]. | 242 | definition | 0.980 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | An individual farming household is considered as a primary sampling unit. | 4 | page=4,block=9 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is a meteorological drought? | lack of precipitation over a region for a period of time | regions of the world [5]. Although specific definitions of drought may vary by sector and region, it is basically an extended period of months or years, in which precipitation is less than the annual average, resulting in water scarcity. Generally droughts are classified as either a meteorological drought (lack of precipitation over a region for a period of time), hydrological drought (a period with inadequate surface and sub-surface water resources), agricultural drought (a period with declining soil moisture and con- sequent crop failure due to lack of surface water resources) or socio-economic drought (failure of water resources systems to meet water demands, which impacts human activities both directly and indirectly) [1,5–7]. | 308 | definition | 0.980 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Drought.pdf | Generally droughts are classified as either a meteorological drought (lack of precipitation over a region for a period of time), hydrological drought (a period with inadequate surface and sub-surface water resources), agricultural drought (a period with declining soil moisture and con- sequent crop failure due to lack of surface water resources) or socio-economic drought (failure of water resources systems to meet water demands, which impacts human activities both directly and indirectly) [1,5–7]. |
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| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 0.700 |
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| page=10,block=3 |
| 0.700 |
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| page=2,block=0 |
| 0.700 |
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