2817 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from ddSoil Fertility and Fertilizers by Havlin.pdf, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. The source is a 529-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include soil fertility, fertilizers, nutrient management, john l. havlin, samuel l. tisdale, werner l. nelson, james d. beaton, pearson india education services pvt. ltd. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 1318 factual, 736 relationship, 316 list, 187 definition, 177 summary, 83 comparison. 1499 of the 2817 pairs (53.2%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 1318 are factual or table-based questions. 98.47% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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Agriculture · 91 rows
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df = desidata.load("agritech-tnau-ac-in-99f1c9e4159daae5a9e20e1e01ec8ebc")
df.head()First 10 of 2.8K+ rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What absorbs about 40% of atmospheric NH3 from air containing 1 ppm NH3? | a natural sink for atmospheric NH3, absorbing about 40% of the NH3 from air con- taining 1 ppm NH3 | nitrogen chapter four 165 Field crops exposed to air containing normal levels of atmospheric NH3 may obtain 5–10% of their N requirement by direct absorption of NH3. Plant seedlings are a natural sink for atmospheric NH3, absorbing about 40% of the NH3 from air con- taining 1 ppm NH3. NH3 produced near the ground surface of grass-clover pasture can be completely absorbed by the plant cover. | 186 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Plant seedlings are a natural sink for atmospheric NH3, absorbing about 40% of the NH3 from air con- taining 1 ppm NH3. | 174 | page=174,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are lower rates of fertilizer typically used for? | used for salt-sensitive crops and in coarse-textured soils | placement, depending on crop and soil texture. Lower rates are used for salt-sensitive crops and in coarse-textured soils. For large N use crops, starter N with the remaining N broadcast or band applied optimizes plant growth and yield (Fig. | 63 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Lower rates are used for salt-sensitive crops and in coarse-textured soils. | 398 | page=398,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are placement decisions for nutrients based on? | based on specific nutrient and intended crop | Band-applied P can substantially increase yield in low P soils compared to broadcast P. Placement decisions are based on specific nutrient and intended crop. | 112 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Placement decisions are based on specific nutrient and intended crop. | 437 | page=437,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are the calculations used for in relation to cation concentrations and BS? | used to express the cation concentrations in CEC units and determine BS | Ca+2 = 48 ppm Mg+2 = 4.8 ppm K+ = 7.8 ppm The equivalent weights of the cations are found in Table 2-4. The following calcula- tions are used to express the cation concentrations in CEC units and determine BS. Ca+2 = 48 ppm = 48 mg>L * 10.5 L>10 g soil2>120 mg>meq2 * 100>100 = 12 meq Ca+2>100 g soil Mg+2 = 4.8 ppm = 4.8 mg>L * 10.5 L>10 g soil2>112 mg>meq2 * 100>100 = 2 meq Mg+2>100 g soil K+ = 7.8 ppm = 7.8 mg>L * 10.5 L>10 g soil2>139 mg>meq2 * 100>100 = 1 meq K+>100 g Total 1Ca+2 + Mg+2 + K+2 = 15 meq bases>100 g Base saturation % = 1total bases>CEC2 * 100 = 3115 meq>100 g2>120 meq>100 g24 * 100 = 75% BS The saturation with any cation may be calculated in a similar fashion. | 137 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | The following calcula- tions are used to express the cation concentrations in CEC units and determine BS. | 41 | page=41,block=25 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are the origins of the factors used to convert between %P and %P2O5? | derived from the ratio of molecular weights of P and P2O5: 2 * P 1g>mole2 P2O5 1g>mole2 = 2 * 31 142 = 0 | The conversion between %P and % P2O5 is: %P = %P2O5 * 0.43 %P2O5 = %P * 2.29 The conversion factors are derived from the ratio of molecular weights of P and P2O5: 2 * P 1g>mole2 P2O5 1g>mole2 = 2 * 31 142 = 0.43 P Fertilizer Sources Rock Phosphate Rock phosphate (RP) is the primary raw material used in the manufacture of P fertil- izers (Fig. | 104 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | The conversion factors are derived from the ratio of molecular weights of P and P2O5: 2 * P 1g>mole2 P2O5 1g>mole2 = 2 * 31 142 = 0. | 222 | page=222,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are the three philosophies for managing immobile nutrients? | three philosophies of managing immo- bile nutrients: buildup, maintenance, and draw- down | Are there residual benefits from NO3@N in soils? What conditions would you expect to measure residual N? 14. There are three philosophies of managing immo- bile nutrients: buildup, maintenance, and draw- down. Describe situations where each would be the most appropriate management. | 119 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | There are three philosophies of managing immo- bile nutrients: buildup, maintenance, and draw- down. | 438 | page=438,block=19 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are the visual symptoms of sulfur deficiency in plants? | characterized by reduced plant growth rate, where plants are stunted, thin-stemmed, and chlorotic (see color plates) | -2 reduction, and N assimilation by N2- fixing soil bacteria. Visual S-Deficiency Symptoms S deficiency is characterized by reduced plant growth rate, where plants are stunted, thin-stemmed, and chlorotic (see color plates). Unlike N, however, S is generally less mobile in plants; therefore, deficiency symptoms often occur first in younger leaves. | 107 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Visual S-Deficiency Symptoms S deficiency is characterized by reduced plant growth rate, where plants are stunted, thin-stemmed, and chlorotic (see color plates). | 255 | page=255,block=3 | 0.850 | valid |
| What condition is linked to enhanced root growth in plants? | associated with increased root growth | Thus, P is essential for vigorous growth and development of reproductive parts (fruits, seeds, etc.). Adequate P is associated with increased root growth. When soluble H2PO4 - is applied in a band, plant roots proliferate extensively in P-treated soil. | 116 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Adequate P is associated with increased root growth. | 201 | page=201,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What condition is linked to limited growth and development in plants? | associated with restricted growth and development | As a result, P deficiency is associated with restricted growth and development. P is an essential element in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that contain the genetic code of the plant to produce proteins and other compounds essential for plant structure, seed yield, and genetic transfer. | 29 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | P deficiency is associated with restricted growth and development. | 201 | page=201,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What controlled-release fertilizer consists of a sulfur shell around urea granules and contains 32–38% nitrogen and 12–22% sulfur? | one of the oldest CRFs consisting of a shell of S around each urea granule with 32–38% N and 12–22% S content (Table 4-23) | Like SRF products, CRFs reduce the rate of NH4 + and ultimately NO3 - released to soil solution, thereby reducing leaching, volatilization, and denitrification potential. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) is one of the oldest CRFs consisting of a shell of S around each urea granule with 32–38% N and 12–22% S content (Table 4-23). Urea granules are coated with molten S, and then a coating of wax is added to seal cracks in the S coating. | 199 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/pdf/Fertility.pdf | Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) is one of the oldest CRFs consisting of a shell of S around each urea granule with 32–38% N and 12–22% S content (Table 4-23). | 183 | page=183,block=4 | 0.850 | valid |
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