| What does HFpEF stand for in the context of heart failure? | Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary angiography • Radionuclide imaging • CT scan • MRI • PET • Myocardial biopsy • Electrophysiological study Cardiomegaly Pleural Effusions Ascites Hepatomegaly Pitting Oedema Pulmonary Oedema | 381 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary | 10 | page=10,block=37 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does HFrEF mean in the context of heart failure? | Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary angiography • Radionuclide imaging • CT scan • MRI • PET • Myocardial biopsy • Electrophysiological study Cardiomegaly Pleural Effusions Ascites Hepatomegaly Pitting Oedema Pulmonary Oedema | 329 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary |
| What is the full form of HFMREF in cardiology? | Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary angiography • Radionuclide imaging • CT scan • MRI • PET • Myocardial biopsy • Electrophysiological study Cardiomegaly Pleural Effusions Ascites Hepatomegaly Pitting Oedema Pulmonary Oedema | 113 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | ICD: Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator BiV: Bi-Ventricular Pacing PND: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea HFMREF: Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases RHD: Rheumatic Heart Disease CAD: Coronary Artery Disease HFrEF: Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction STEMI: ST elevation Myocardial Infarction LV: Left Ventricle COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease OPTIONAL INVESTIGATION • Prolonged ECG monitoring • Coronary |
| What symptom characterizes angina in acute coronary syndrome when it occurs at rest? | lasting more than 20 minutes | ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: 1.Angina at rest or lasting more than 20 minutes 2.Recent worsening of stable angina (crescendo) to CCS class III 3.New onset effort angina of less than 1 month in CCS class II/ III 4.Post infarction angina ECG: - If ST Elevation: Follow ST Elevation MI (STEMI) STW - If no ST Elavation: UA/NSTEMI | 45 | definition | 1.000 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: 1.Angina at rest or lasting more than 20 minutes 2.Recent worsening of stable angina (crescendo) to CCS class III 3.New onset effort angina of less than 1 month in CCS class II/ III 4.Post infarction angina ECG: - If ST Elevation: Follow ST Elevation MI (STEMI) STW - If no ST Elavation: UA/NSTEMI | 12 | page=12,block=3 | 0.700 | valid |
| What defines stable angina? | Any effort related pain fitting in previous category, relieved by rest or NTG in 1-2 min | • Variable location or characteristic • Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) • Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigastrium • Localized to a point • Pricking or piercing or stabbing type of pain • Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration STABLE ANGINA Any effort related pain fitting in previous category, relieved by rest or NTG in 1-2 min ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME • Angina at rest or lasting more than 20 minutes • Recent worsening of stable angina (crescendo) to CCS class III • New onset effort angina of less than 1 month in CCS class II/ III • Post infarction angina For management: refer to STEMI/ NSTEMI STW ESSENTIAL INVESTIGATIONS 1. Hemogram 2. Urea, Creatinine, Electrolytes 3. Sugar 4. Lipids 5. ECG OTHER INVESTIGATIONS 1. Echocardiography 2. Exercise Treadmill Test 3. Thyroid Function Test 4. Iron profile 5. Uric acid 6. | 303 | definition | 0.980 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | • Variable location or characteristic • Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) • Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigastrium • Localized to a point • Pricking or piercing or stabbing type of pain • Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration STABLE ANGINA Any effort related pain fitting in previous category, relieved by rest or NTG in 1-2 min ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME • Angina at rest or lasting more than 20 minutes • Recent worsening of stable angina (crescendo) to CCS class III • New onset effort angina of less than 1 month in CCS class II/ III • |
| What factors increase the likelihood of a condition if a patient has a history of CAD? | known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration | 306 | relationship | 0.970 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration |
| What symptom can be reproduced with post-meal exertion? | Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration | 2 | relationship | 0.970 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration |
| What symptom is commonly associated with radiation to arms, neck, or back? | Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration | 2 | relationship | 0.970 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction • Radiation to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort/ syncope More likelihood if known patient of CAD/ multiple risk factors Variable location or characteristic Long lasting (hours to days) or short lasting (less than a minute) Restricted to areas above jaw or below epigatrium Localized to a point Precipitated by movement of neck or arms or respiration |
| What type of block is associated with neuromuscular disease in AV conduction disease? | Complete heart block, advanced AV block, or Mobitz Type II block | AV CONDUCTION DISEASE • Complete heart block, advanced AV block, or Mobitz Type II block • Associated neuromuscular disease SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION • Symptomatic patients with sinus pauses > 3s long with symptom correlation or heart rate <40/min during awake hours | 24 | relationship | 0.970 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | AV CONDUCTION DISEASE • Complete heart block, advanced AV block, or Mobitz Type II block • Associated neuromuscular disease SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION • Symptomatic patients with sinus pauses > 3s long with symptom correlation or heart rate <40/min during awake hours | 9 | page=9,block=25 | 0.700 | valid |
| When is the likelihood of diffuse retrosternal pain higher? | if known patient of CAD | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction, radiating to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort Likelihood more if known patient of CAD | 293 | relationship | 0.970 | https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/uploads/STWs/1771492083_cardiology_all.pdf | • Diffuse retrosternal pain, heaviness or constriction, radiating to arms or neck or back • Associated with sweating • Easily reproduced with post-meal exertion • Consider atypical presentation: Exertional fatigue or breathlessness or profuse sweating or epigastric discomfort Likelihood more if known patient of CAD | 11 | page=11,block=4 | 0.700 | valid |