| What did Dr. Kamini Walia describe as a result of selective pressure? | the evolution of antibiotic resistance | Development of an implementable NAP 2.0 with One Health perspective along with strengthening of IPC and AMS Programme in the country was suggested by him as the way forward. Dr. Kamini Walia, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) asserted that the evolution of antibiotic resistance is a consequence of selective pressure and that the exorbitant use of antibiotics across all sectors (human health, animal health, agriculture, pharmaceutical industry etc.) has contributed to the menace of AMR. She called upon appropriate investment in AMR containment and in establishing strong quantifiable economic linkages. Dr. Walia further elaborated upon achievements of ICMR on AMR surveillance in tertiary care hospitals, infection prevention and control (IPC) systems and antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSP). | 248 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | Kamini Walia, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) asserted that the evolution of antibiotic resistance is a consequence of selective pressure and that the exorbitant use of antibiotics across all sectors (human health, animal health, agriculture, pharmaceutical industry etc.) has contributed to the menace of AMR. | 9 | page=9,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) recognized as in the context of public health? | a major public health challenge to global efforts in controlling infectious diseases | Past few years have seen many infectious agents becoming difficult to treat with the available-and affordable antimicrobial agents. This phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized as a major public health challenge to global efforts in controlling infectious diseases. AMR causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss along with a negative impact on the efficacy of modern technological medical and surgical advances, which have focused global attention on combating this scourge. Recognizing the impact of AMR on human development, the UN General Assembly, and several leading regional and global political platforms have given a call for urgent, concerted, effective, and multisectoral actions based on the One Health approach. FAO-OIE-WHO developed a Global Action Plan on AMR in 2015. | 205 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | This phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been recognized as a major public health challenge to global efforts in controlling infectious diseases. | 3 |
| What is the goal of Social and Behavioural Change Communication? | communicating to change or positively influence social norms in support of long-term, sustainable behavior change at the population level | While explaining the concepts of Social and Behavioural Change Communication (SBCC) in detail, he said that SBCC means communicating to change or positively influence social norms in support of long-term, sustainable behavior change at the population level. It works at the Individual, Interpersonal, Community, Organization and Policy level to create an enabling environment for change. Interpersonal communication, community meetings, mid-media including street plays and social media are few of the communication approaches that may be used. Mr. Sadique informed that this model has been extensively used in India for campaigns on polio, measles and rubella vaccinations. He stressed that community behavioural changes require long term and dedicated efforts at the grass root level and that it is prudent to engage community leadership from the planning phase of initiative. | 119 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | While explaining the concepts of Social and Behavioural Change Communication (SBCC) in detail, he said that SBCC means communicating to change or positively influence social norms in support of long-term, sustainable behavior change at the population level. |
| What network did NCDC establish for monitoring AMR trends? | the National AMR Surveillance Laboratory network (NARS NET) | Dr. Lata Kapoor, Joint Director, NCDC provided a brief outline of the work done under the auspices of NCDC and the lessons learnt during the implementation of NAP-AMR (2017-2021). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (MoHFW) had designated NCDC as the National Coordinating Centre for AMR Surveillance in July 2017. She informed about the National Programme on AMR Containment being coordinated by NCDC and the establishment of the National AMR Surveillance Laboratory network (NARS NET) in a phased manner for monitoring AMR trends. She urged for the requirement of dedicated funding for NAP-AMR activities within each sector, support required by states to develop of state action plans and frequent consultations (six monthly) of intra-sectoral and intersectoral experts to review progress of NAP AMR implementation. | 454 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | She informed about the National Programme on AMR Containment being coordinated by NCDC and the establishment of the National AMR Surveillance Laboratory network (NARS NET) in a phased manner for monitoring AMR trends. | 6 |
| What type of analyses did the expert groups conduct on the priorities of NAP AMR? | Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analyses | The guiding principles from the presentations by experts in the first technical session were converted into actionable points in three Group Works by three expert groups which discussed SWOT analyses and governance mechanism, operational plan and a M&E plan. 3.1. SWOT Analysis The groups performed an extensive Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analyses on the relevant priorities of the NAP AMR (2017-2021). The recommendations from the deliberations have been compiled and will be taken into consideration during the development of the NAP 2.0. | 312 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | SWOT Analysis The groups performed an extensive Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analyses on the relevant priorities of the NAP AMR (2017-2021). | 17 | page=17,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What type of model did Dr. Singh associate with professional associations for addressing AMR? | a unique public private partnership model | Singh opined that the professional associations have a unique public private partnership model that can bring the best from all parts of the country in mitigating AMR. Expertise available within the professional associations can be harnessed for strengthening IPC, Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme (AMSP) and rational use of antibiotics. He stressed on the importance of engaging communities through active partnership with the civil society organizations for promoting rational use of antibiotics which requires a behavioural change in communities. The other dignitaries who graced the inaugural ceremony were Ms. Sangita Patel Director, Health Office, USAID India, who highlighted the importance of advocacy and community engagement for efficient execution of plans in achieving the objectives; Ms. | 53 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | Singh opined that the professional associations have a unique public private partnership model that can bring the best from all parts of the country in mitigating AMR. | 12 | page=12,block=0 |
| What alternative approach did Prof. Atul Goel propose for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms? | going back to the older antibiotics that haven’t been used in decades | 2. National Expert Consultations 2.1. Human Health Component Inaugural Session The consultation was inaugurated by Prof (Dr.) Atul Goel, Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Prof. Goel appreciated the initiative of formulation of NAP 2.0 and pressed upon the need for improving behavior of the antibiotics prescribers and consumers to assure rational use of this critical resource. He also showed concern regarding the abuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emphasizing the judicious use of antibiotics to contain AMR, he discussed on the approach of going back to the older antibiotics that haven’t been used in decades to treat infectious diseases due to multidrug-resistant organisms. Advocacy with antibiotics prescribers was critical to bring about a change in their behavior. In the inaugural session Dr. | 621 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | Emphasizing the judicious use of antibiotics to contain AMR, he discussed on the approach of going back to the older antibiotics that haven’t been used in decades to treat infectious diseases due to multidrug-resistant organisms. |
| What did Dr. Amit Shah emphasize during the inaugural function? | replicate the coordinated efforts that were launched during the COVID-19 pandemic and optimally utilize the existing tools and resources | and ICMR. Dr. Gokhale stressed the importance of similar harmonized nationally coordinated activities for successful development of tools and actions to combat AMR mainly in those pathogens which are of priority in India. He urged for a multifaceted action against AMR including development of alternatives and vaccines using the existing resources, infrastructure, and expertise available within the country. Speaking at the inaugural function, Dr. Amit Shah Deputy Director, Health Office, USAID India urged to replicate the coordinated efforts that were launched during the COVID-19 pandemic and optimally utilize the existing tools and resources. Dr. Roderico H Ofrin, WHO Representative in India elaborated about the collaborative efforts of FAO- WOAH-WHO and UNEP under their quadripartite initiative against AMR and Dr. | 513 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | Amit Shah Deputy Director, Health Office, USAID India urged to replicate the coordinated efforts that were launched during the COVID-19 pandemic and optimally utilize the existing tools and resources. |
| What did Dr. Kamini Walia advocate for to improve AMR containment? | appropriate investment in AMR containment and in establishing strong quantifiable economic linkages | Development of an implementable NAP 2.0 with One Health perspective along with strengthening of IPC and AMS Programme in the country was suggested by him as the way forward. Dr. Kamini Walia, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) asserted that the evolution of antibiotic resistance is a consequence of selective pressure and that the exorbitant use of antibiotics across all sectors (human health, animal health, agriculture, pharmaceutical industry etc.) has contributed to the menace of AMR. She called upon appropriate investment in AMR containment and in establishing strong quantifiable economic linkages. Dr. Walia further elaborated upon achievements of ICMR on AMR surveillance in tertiary care hospitals, infection prevention and control (IPC) systems and antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSP). | 515 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | She called upon appropriate investment in AMR containment and in establishing strong quantifiable economic linkages. | 9 | page=9,block=0 |
| What did Dr. Kapoor recommend to address AMR in India? | stronger multisectoral collaboration for engaging community through various civil society organizations and professional associations | Kapoor advocated stronger multisectoral collaboration for engaging community through various civil society organizations and professional associations in both human and animal sectors to rapidly move forward in combating AMR in India. She stressed that a dedicated funding for AMR activities within each sector, a national IPC programme/action plan and an integrated research agenda targeting AMR transmission dynamics, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines is the way forward towards containment of AMR. Dr. Kamini Walia, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), enumerated several causes of the rising trends of AMR in India citing increased antibiotic consumption to be the single most important risk factor for emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. | 17 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr45.pdf | Kapoor advocated stronger multisectoral collaboration for engaging community through various civil society organizations and professional associations in both human and animal sectors to rapidly move forward in combating AMR in India. |