30 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from LRF Outlook for Second Half of SW Monsoon Season: 2010, published by ncdc.mohfw.gov.in. The source is a 7-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include india meteorological department, april 2026, hot weather season, rainfall, temperature, heatwave, northeast india, central india. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 11 factual, 8 list, 6 definition, 3 summary, 2 relationship. 19 of the 30 pairs (63.3%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 11 are factual or table-based questions. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset compiles 30 extractive question-and-answer pairs from the India Meteorological Department's (IMD) long-range forecast for the second half of the southwest monsoon season in 2026. Topics include rainfall, temperature, heatwave conditions, and climate forecasting methods. Each answer is a verbatim excerpt from the source document, ensuring traceability to the original publication. The dataset highlights IMD's use of the Multi-Model Ensemble approach and its predictions for ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole conditions.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("ncdc-mohfw-gov-in-17a0e713932fb9082a056bcf95639751")
df.head()First 10 of 30 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What do the white-shaded areas on the rainfall forecast map signify? | no signal from the model | The probabilistic forecast for the spatial distribution of tercile rainfall categories (above normal, normal and below normal) over the country for April 2026 is shown in Fig.4. The forecast suggests that Normal to above-normal rainfall is likely over most parts of the country except Northeast India. Below-normal rainfall is expected over many parts of northeastern India. The dotted area shown in the map climatologically receives very less rainfall and the white-shaded areas within the land areas represent no signal from the model. | 512 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | The dotted area shown in the map climatologically receives very less rainfall and the white-shaded areas within the land areas represent no signal from the model. | 3 | page=3,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the dotted area on the rainfall forecast map indicate? | climatologically receives very less rainfall | The probabilistic forecast for the spatial distribution of tercile rainfall categories (above normal, normal and below normal) over the country for April 2026 is shown in Fig.4. The forecast suggests that Normal to above-normal rainfall is likely over most parts of the country except Northeast India. Below-normal rainfall is expected over many parts of northeastern India. The dotted area shown in the map climatologically receives very less rainfall and the white-shaded areas within the land areas represent no signal from the model. | 408 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | The dotted area shown in the map climatologically receives very less rainfall and the white-shaded areas within the land areas represent no signal from the model. | 3 | page=3,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the definition of a heatwave according to the India Meteorological Department? | a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season | Section 3 presents the heatwave outlook for the hot weather season (April to June 2026) and for the month of April 2026. A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season. In Section 4, IMD has provided the monthly rainfall outlook for April 2026. 2. (a) Seasonal Temperature outlook for April to June (AMJ) 2026 Probability forecasts for the maximum and minimum temperatures during the April to June (AMJ) 2026 hot weather season are shown in Fig.1a and Fig.1b, respectively. The probability forecast for maximum temperatures (Fig.1a) indicates that maximum temperatures are likely to be normal to below normal over many parts of the country except most parts of east and northeast India, as well as eastern parts of central India and adjoining peninsular regions where above- normal maximum temperatures are expected. | 135 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season. | ||||
| What is heatwave? | a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season | Section 3 presents the heatwave outlook for the hot weather season (April to June 2026) and for the month of April 2026. A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season. In Section 4, IMD has provided the monthly rainfall outlook for April 2026. | 135 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | A heatwave is a period of abnormally high temperatures exceeding the normal maximum temperature for the hot weather season. | 2 | page=2,block=2 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are the potential consequences of elevated temperatures? | heat-related illnesses and additional stress on infrastructure and resource management systems | The increased likelihood of heatwave conditions may pose significant risks to public health, water resources, power demand, and essential services, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. Elevated temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses and additional stress on infrastructure and resource management systems. Accordingly, State authorities and district administrations are advised to ensure timely preparedness, including operational readiness of cooling shelters, adequate drinking water supply, and strengthened health surveillance. | 330 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | Elevated temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses and additional stress on infrastructure and resource management systems. | 3 | page=3,block=2 | 0.800 | valid |
| What type of models does the Multi-Model Ensemble approach use for climate forecasting? | coupled global climate models (CGCMs) from various global climate prediction and research centers | Updated Seasonal outlook for hot weather season (April to June) 2026 and Monthly Outlook for April 2026 for the Rainfall and Temperature 1. Background The India Meteorological Department (IMD), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has been issuing seasonal outlooks for hot and cold weather seasons since 2016, providing temperature forecasts for the country. IMD is continuously working to improve its forecasting models and currently uses the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach, which utilizes coupled global climate models (CGCMs) from various global climate prediction and research centers, including the IMD/MoES Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) model. IMD has prepared updated seasonal and monthly temperature forecasts for the 2026 hot weather season (April to June) and April 2026, respectively. These forecasts are presented in sections 2(a) and 2(b). | 494 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | IMD is continuously working to improve its forecasting models and currently uses the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach, which utilizes coupled global climate models (CGCMs) from various global climate prediction and research centers, including the IMD/MoES Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) model. | ||||
| What are the potential consequences of an increased likelihood of heatwave conditions? | significant risks to public health, water resources, power demand, and essential services | The increased likelihood of heatwave conditions may pose significant risks to public health, water resources, power demand, and essential services, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. Elevated temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses and additional stress on infrastructure and resource management systems. Accordingly, State authorities and district administrations are advised to ensure timely preparedness, including operational readiness of cooling shelters, adequate drinking water supply, and strengthened health surveillance. | 57 | summary | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | The increased likelihood of heatwave conditions may pose significant risks to public health, water resources, power demand, and essential services, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. | 3 | |||
| What does the Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System forecast for Indian Ocean Dipole conditions during the April to June season? | neutral IOD conditions are likely to persist | Currently, neutral Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are prevailing over the Indian Ocean. The latest MMCFS forecast suggests that these neutral IOD conditions are likely to persist during the April to June season and thereafter. | 140 | summary | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | The latest MMCFS forecast suggests that these neutral IOD conditions are likely to persist during the April to June season and thereafter. | 4 | page=4,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System predict for ENSO conditions during April to June 2026? | ENSO-neutral conditions are most likely to continue | 5. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) conditions over the Pacific and the Indian Oceans At present, neutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions are prevailing over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. some of the atmospheric circulation features over the tropical Pacific are consistent with weak La Niña–like conditions. The latest forecasts from the Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) suggest that ENSO-neutral conditions are most likely to continue during April to June 2026 season. Thereafter, the probability of development of El Niño conditions increases gradually. | 412 | summary | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | The latest forecasts from the Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) suggest that ENSO-neutral conditions are most likely to continue during April to June 2026 season. | 3 | page=3,block=7 | 0.700 | valid |
| What method does the India Meteorological Department use for its forecasting models? | Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach | Updated Seasonal outlook for hot weather season (April to June) 2026 and Monthly Outlook for April 2026 for the Rainfall and Temperature 1. Background The India Meteorological Department (IMD), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has been issuing seasonal outlooks for hot and cold weather seasons since 2016, providing temperature forecasts for the country. IMD is continuously working to improve its forecasting models and currently uses the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach, which utilizes coupled global climate models (CGCMs) from various global climate prediction and research centers, including the IMD/MoES Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) model. IMD has prepared updated seasonal and monthly temperature forecasts for the 2026 hot weather season (April to June) and April 2026, respectively. These forecasts are presented in sections 2(a) and 2(b). | 442 | definition | 0.940 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/3.%20Outlook%20April%20to%20June%202026.pdf | IMD is continuously working to improve its forecasting models and currently uses the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach, which utilizes coupled global climate models (CGCMs) from various global climate prediction and research centers, including the IMD/MoES Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System (MMCFS) model. |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 2 |
| page=2,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 2 |
| page=2,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=3,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 2 |
| page=2,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |