| Why are healthcare facilities considered high-risk environments for drug-resistant organisms? | HCFs are high-risk environments for the development and spread of drug-resistant organisms | IPC in a healthcare facility (HCF) ▪HCFs are high-risk environments for the development and spread of drug-resistant organisms ▪HCFs usually have the highest burden of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) ▪IPC measures reduce the opportunities for resistant pathogens to spread in HCFs and contribute to the containment of AMR ▪IPC is important in the context of global epidemic/pandemics of COVID-19, SARS, Influenza, Nipah, Ebola etc. National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 11 HCF can become an epicentre and amplifier of outbreaks | 36 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | IPC in a healthcare facility (HCF) ▪HCFs are high-risk environments for the development and spread of drug-resistant organisms ▪HCFs usually have the highest burden of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) ▪IPC measures reduce the opportunities for resistant pathogens to spread in HCFs and contribute to the containment of AMR ▪IPC is important in the context of global epidemic/pandemics of COVID-19, SARS, Influenza, Nipah, Ebola etc. | 11 | page=11,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why are healthcare-associated infections considered a major public health issue? | affecting morbidity, mortality, quality of life and patient safety | Why are HAIs important? ▪HAIs are most common adverse events during healthcare delivery and a major public health issue affecting morbidity, mortality, quality of life and patient safety ▪HAIs result in prolonged hospital stays, long-term disability, increased resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, additional cost on health systems, high cost for patients and their families National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 7 HAIs are largely preventable through effective IPC measures | 120 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Why are HAIs important? ▪HAIs are most common adverse events during healthcare delivery and a major public health issue affecting morbidity, mortality, quality of life and patient safety ▪HAIs result in prolonged hospital stays, long-term disability, increased resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, additional cost on health systems, high cost for patients and their families National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 7 HAIs are largely preventable through effective IPC measures | 7 | page=7,block=0 |
| Why is IPC important for addressing antimicrobial resistance? | IPC is important for AMR containment | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 108 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 17 | page=17,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the WHO Patient Safety Programme emphasize? | “Clean care is Safer care” | Global initiatives for IPC ▪International Health Regulations, 2005 oContainment of AMR (and IPC) is a strategic priority ▪United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) oSafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) ▪World Alliance for Patient Safety ▪WHO Patient Safety Programme o“Clean care is Safer care” ▪Regional Strategy for Patient Safety (2016–2025), WHO SEARO ▪WHO Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Control Programmes ▪WHO Technical Guidance on IPC for COVID–19, 2020 National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 13 | 283 | summary | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Global initiatives for IPC ▪International Health Regulations, 2005 oContainment of AMR (and IPC) is a strategic priority ▪United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) oSafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) ▪World Alliance for Patient Safety ▪WHO Patient Safety Programme o“Clean care is Safer care” ▪Regional Strategy for Patient Safety (2016–2025), WHO SEARO ▪WHO Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Control Programmes ▪WHO Technical Guidance on IPC for COVID–19, 2020 National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 13 | 13 | page=13,block=0 |
| What does IPC stand for in the context of healthcare facilities? | Infection Prevention and Control | Outline ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their importance ▪Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures in healthcare facilities (HCF) ▪Trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ▪Global and National initiatives ▪Core components of IPC guidelines ▪IPC guidelines – scope and purpose National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 2 | 89 | definition | 0.940 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Outline ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their importance ▪Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures in healthcare facilities (HCF) ▪Trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ▪Global and National initiatives ▪Core components of IPC guidelines ▪IPC guidelines – scope and purpose National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 2 | 2 | page=2,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the surrogate marker for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? | cefoxitin | AMR – rising trends a major concern ▪From 2008 to 2019, blood isolates of Escherichia coli resistance to oThird-generation cephalosporins increased from 70% to 82% oResistance to carbapenems, increased from 10 to 33% ▪In Gram positive Cocci o60 % resistance for cefoxitin, surrogate marker for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) o1% resistance is seen in Staph. aureus and 5% in Enterococcus species to linezolid ▪16% resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus species National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 12 Antibiotic use – a major driver of AMR in India AMR ICMR Data,National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (NARS-Net India) (ncdc.gov.in) | 262 | definition | 0.940 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | AMR – rising trends a major concern ▪From 2008 to 2019, blood isolates of Escherichia coli resistance to oThird-generation cephalosporins increased from 70% to 82% oResistance to carbapenems, increased from 10 to 33% ▪In Gram positive Cocci o60 % resistance for cefoxitin, surrogate marker for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) o1% resistance is seen in Staph. | 12 | page=12,block=0 |
| What term was previously used to refer to healthcare-associated infections? | “nosocomial” or “hospital acquired” or “hospital” infection | What is HAI? ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) occur in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other HCF, which was not present or incubating at the time of admission ▪Previously referred to as “nosocomial” or “hospital acquired” or “hospital” infection ▪HAIs include occupational infections among healthcare providers National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 4 | 215 | comparison | 0.920 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | What is HAI? ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) occur in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other HCF, which was not present or incubating at the time of admission ▪Previously referred to as “nosocomial” or “hospital acquired” or “hospital” infection ▪HAIs include occupational infections among healthcare providers National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 4 | 4 | page=4,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does AMR refer to in healthcare? | antimicrobial resistance | Outline ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their importance ▪Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures in healthcare facilities (HCF) ▪Trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ▪Global and National initiatives ▪Core components of IPC guidelines ▪IPC guidelines – scope and purpose National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 2 | 179 | definition | 0.900 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Outline ▪Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their importance ▪Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures in healthcare facilities (HCF) ▪Trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ▪Global and National initiatives ▪Core components of IPC guidelines ▪IPC guidelines – scope and purpose National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 2 | 2 | page=2,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What provides the framework for strengthening IPC? | IPC core components | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 187 | definition | 0.900 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 17 | page=17,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the purpose of IPC in healthcare facilities? | to ensure patient safety | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 82 | summary | 0.890 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr4.pdf | Summary ▪HAIs can be prevented ▪IPC should be a priority in healthcare facilities to ensure patient safety ▪IPC is important for AMR containment ▪Global and national initiatives for IPC ▪IPC core components provide the framework for IPC strengthening ▪National Guidelines for IPC in HCFs need to be implemented National Guidelines for IPC in HCF, 2020 17 | 17 | page=17,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |