| How are the scales of the aitkenii group described? | HeatI scales very narrow, rod-like | 2(l) Hind femur with distinct white knee spot at distal end barianensis Hint1 femur without such a knee spot 3 3 (2) HeatI scales very narrow, rod-like. (aitkenii groupj (An. pinjaurensis belonging to this group is distinguished by male genitalia only) HeN scales of ordinary type. (cdiciformis group j (The 2 species of this group are distinguish& by larval characters only) 4(3) ,: b!kb : aedeagus very long, tubular and expanded a: -,_,e end pinjaurensis &hk- aedeagus shorter, not expanded at the end 5 5 (4) Prcl:t*ut,&ar space with short fine setae [a] H~:l~tellum. | 117 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | 2(l) Hind femur with distinct white knee spot at distal end barianensis Hint1 femur without such a knee spot 3 3 (2) HeatI scales very narrow, rod-like. | 12 | page=12,block=8 | 0.700 | valid |
| How are the scales of the culiciformis group described? | HeN scales of ordinary type | 2(l) Hind femur with distinct white knee spot at distal end barianensis Hint1 femur without such a knee spot 3 3 (2) HeatI scales very narrow, rod-like. (aitkenii groupj (An. pinjaurensis belonging to this group is distinguished by male genitalia only) HeN scales of ordinary type. (cdiciformis group j (The 2 species of this group are distinguish& by larval characters only) 4(3) ,: b!kb : aedeagus very long, tubular and expanded a: -,_,e end pinjaurensis &hk- aedeagus shorter, not expanded at the end 5 5 (4) Prcl:t*ut,&ar space with short fine setae [a] H~:l~tellum. | 253 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | pinjaurensis belonging to this group is distinguished by male genitalia only) HeN scales of ordinary type. | 12 | page=12,block=8 | 0.700 | valid |
| How is the frontal hair of Anopheles culiciformis larvae described? | frontal hair with one or two branches [a]; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI long, with a few very fine, short, barb- like branches | No.3 1990 66) m: inner clypeal hair [a] with 1-2 branches at about l/4 from base, &Q&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 2-3 spines [b] aitkenii u: Inner clypeal hair usually with 4-7 branches at about l/2 from base [a]. &&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 1-2 spines [b] bengalensis 7 (3) Larva: frontal hair with one or two branches [a]; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI long, with a few very fine, short, barb- like branches; subantermal hair [b] club-shaped; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax not spine-like [c] culiciformis Larva: frontal hair short but feathered [a], each having 5-7 branches; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI with long branches; subantennal hair splitting distally into a number of branches [b]; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax spine-like, having 4-7 individual parts [c] sintoni t?(l) Wings with 3 or less than three dark spots on costa [I, ~31, which also involve vein 1. | 331 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | &&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 1-2 spines [b] bengalensis 7 (3) Larva: frontal hair with one or two branches [a]; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI long, with a few very fine, short, barb- like branches; subantermal hair [b] club-shaped; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax not spine-like [c] culiciformis Larva: frontal hair short but feathered [a], each having 5-7 branches; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI with long branches; subantennal hair splitting distally into a number of branches [b]; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax |
| How is the frontal hair of Anopheles sintoni larvae described? | frontal hair short but feathered [a], each having 5-7 branches | No.3 1990 66) m: inner clypeal hair [a] with 1-2 branches at about l/4 from base, &Q&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 2-3 spines [b] aitkenii u: Inner clypeal hair usually with 4-7 branches at about l/2 from base [a]. &&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 1-2 spines [b] bengalensis 7 (3) Larva: frontal hair with one or two branches [a]; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI long, with a few very fine, short, barb- like branches; subantermal hair [b] club-shaped; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax not spine-like [c] culiciformis Larva: frontal hair short but feathered [a], each having 5-7 branches; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI with long branches; subantennal hair splitting distally into a number of branches [b]; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax spine-like, having 4-7 individual parts [c] sintoni t?(l) Wings with 3 or less than three dark spots on costa [I, ~31, which also involve vein 1. | 592 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | &&: outer part of dorsal lobe of harpago usually with 1-2 spines [b] bengalensis 7 (3) Larva: frontal hair with one or two branches [a]; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI long, with a few very fine, short, barb- like branches; subantermal hair [b] club-shaped; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax not spine-like [c] culiciformis Larva: frontal hair short but feathered [a], each having 5-7 branches; lateral hair on abdominal segments III-VI with long branches; subantennal hair splitting distally into a number of branches [b]; innermost hair on ventral surface of prothorax |
| What distinguishes the minimus group based on the female palpi? | subapical pale band [I] narrow and subapical dark band [2] much broader | (minimus group) 51 Female palpi with subapical pale band [I] narrow and subapical dark band [2] much broader 53 51(50) Wing: vein 6 with 2 dark spots on distal or apical half; hind margin with pale fringe spot at vein 6; vein 2.1 with a median pale spot aconitus Wing: vein 6 with one large dark spot on apical half; fringe spot absent at vein 6; vein 2.1 dark except at base and apex 52 52 (51) Wing [a]: basal third of costa with white interruptions; fore tarso- meres 1-4 [b] with very small dorso-apical pale patches minimur Wing [a]: basal third of costa without white interruptions; fore tarsomeres entirely dark scaled [b] varuna 53 (50) Basal third of costa with one or more white interruptions jeyporiensis Basal third of costa without white interruptions 54 54 (53) Wing [a]: vein 6 with three dark spots, distal half with pale interrup- tion, the base of anterior forked cell (a.f.c.) at a greater distance from the wing base than that of the posterior forked cell (p.f.c.); hind tarsomeres l-4 with narrow apical pale bands [b] moghulensis Wing [a]: vein 6 with two dark spots, distal half mainly dark, base of anterior forked cell not so and as usual in anophelines; hind tarsomeres uniformly dark [b], sometimes with a faint indication of narrow banding at the joints fluviatilis An. cukfk&s is a species complex comprising four sibling species, i.e. |
| What is present work? | an attempt in that direction | It was, therefore, felt that an up to date key should be prepared for the 54 species of anophelines recognized at present, for the use of field entomologist. The present work is an attempt in that direction. To make identifi- cation easy, illustrations are provided for each distinguishing character used in the key. | 178 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | The present work is an attempt in that direction. | 4 | page=4,block=2 | 0.850 | valid |
| What distinguishes the four sibling species of An. culicifacies? | species-specific fixed paracentric inversions detectable in polytene chromosomes or by structural variations in metaphase chromosomes in males | A, B, C, and D. These four species are distinguished by species-specific fixed paracentric inversions detectable in polytene chromosomes or by structural variations in metaphase chromosomes in males (personal communication, Dr. Sarala K Subbarao). | 56 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | These four species are distinguished by species-specific fixed paracentric inversions detectable in polytene chromosomes or by structural variations in metaphase chromosomes in males (personal communication, Dr. | 30 | page=30,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What has caused changes in the anopheline fauna vector bionomics and behavior in India? | decades of insecticidal pressure and the numerous developmental activities leading to changes in the environment | The resurgence of malaria in India since the late sixties, the numerous constraints in the eradication/control of the disease and the changed epidemiological situation, particu- larly the entomological aspects due to decades of insecticidal pressure and the numerous developmental activities leading to changes in the environment, have once again focused attention on the intensification of entomological studies in different parts of the country. As a consequence of ecological changes, the results of socio-economic developments in many areas, the anopheline fauna vector bionomics and behaviour no longer resemble the situation that prevailed 30-40 years ago and the vectorial efficiency of the anophelines -needs to be re-evaluated since the lack of this information adversely affects malaria control activities. | 217 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | The resurgence of malaria in India since the late sixties, the numerous constraints in the eradication/control of the disease and the changed epidemiological situation, particu- larly the entomological aspects due to decades of insecticidal pressure and the numerous developmental activities leading to changes in the environment, have once again focused attention on the intensification of entomological studies in different parts of the country. |
| What has led to changes in the nomenclature of anopheline species over the past two or three decades? | numerous studies on the various groups of anophelines | An important step in the assessment of the disease potential of an insect is the rapid separation and identification of mosquitoes. Entomologists and entomological technicians must ensure the correct identification of anopheline mosquitoes. Invariably the task is difficult even for experienced entomologists, unless adequate literature is at hand. During the past two or three decades there have also been numerous studies on the various groups of anophelines such as Anopheles annularis, culicifacies, hyrcanus, Zeiicosphyrus, macdatus, subpictus, etc., leading to many changes in the nomenclature of the anopheline species. Recently there have also been studies on cytotaxonomy, which have substantiated the existence of a number of sibling species as well. For any meaning- ful entomological study, correct identification of the different species is a prime requisite. | 407 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | During the past two or three decades there have also been numerous studies on the various groups of anophelines such as Anopheles annularis, culicifacies, hyrcanus, Zeiicosphyrus, macdatus, subpictus, etc., leading to many changes in the nomenclature of the anopheline species. |
| What practical application does the pictorial key have in India? | malaria eradiction programmes in the country | This pictorial key is meant for ena- bling rapid identification of 54 species of the genus Anopheles Meigen so far known from India, and will be of practical use in malaria eradiction programmes in the country. The key will be easy to use both for the specialist and for the semiskilled technician. The diagnostic characters used in the identification of the Anopheles species are illustrated and figures are also provided along with each couplet of the key. A systematic list of Indian species is given. It should also be useful in neighbour- ing countries, since many of the species are widely distributed in the region. ZOOLOGY (Journul of Pure and Applied Zoology), Vo1. No.3, pp.131-162. (Pictorial Key to the Species of Indian Anopheline Mosquitoes) Reissued, September 1990. | 165 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/2.pdf | This pictorial key is meant for ena- bling rapid identification of 54 species of the genus Anopheles Meigen so far known from India, and will be of practical use in malaria eradiction programmes in the country. | 34 | page=34,block=7 |