470 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from National Treatment Guidelines, published by ncdc.mohfw.gov.in. The source is a 64-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include national treatment guidelines, antimicrobial use, infectious diseases, syndromic approach, empirical therapy, common infections, multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial resistance. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 176 factual, 160 list, 77 relationship, 44 summary, 28 definition, 6 table, 2 comparison. 291 of the 470 pairs (61.9%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 179 are factual or table-based questions. 99.36% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 470 question-and-answer pairs derived from India's National Treatment Guidelines, focusing on antimicrobial use, infectious diseases, and related topics. Each answer is a verbatim excerpt from the source document, ensuring traceability to the original text. Questions cover various types, including definitions, relationships, summaries, and factual queries. The dataset is designed to support research and analysis in healthcare and antimicrobial stewardship.
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# One-time install: pip install desidata
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("ncdc-mohfw-gov-in-5ee0104f6d1a6660e5eece3ad73c1669")
df.head()First 10 of 470 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the basis of the syndromic approach in medical treatment? | based on the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens | However in certain situations the empirical therapy prescribed as prophylaxis also (e.g surgical prophylaxis, high prevalence, repeated risk of exposure). The syndromic approach is based on the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens. Before starting presumptive therapy ensure the following 1. | 181 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | The syndromic approach is based on the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens. | 9 | page=9,block=3 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the purpose of the ATC/DDD system? | a tool for exchanging and comparing data on drug use at international, national or local levels | This methodology is widely used in drug catalogues, drug safety assessment and drug utilization and pharmacoepidemiology. The ATC/DDD system is a tool for exchanging and comparing data on drug use at international, national or local levels. When monitoring antimicrobial consumption in pediatric setting, tota antibiotic events C1. | 144 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | The ATC/DDD system is a tool for exchanging and comparing data on drug use at international, national or local levels. | 50 | page=50,block=2 | 0.850 | valid |
| How are drugs divided in the ATC classification system? | according to the organ or system on which they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics | The ATC Classification The ATC system was initiated in the 1970s by the Norwegian Medicinal Depot, and is now coordinated by the World health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics methodology, established in Oslo in 1982. The centre revises the ATC codes as necessary and maintains an online database and published index. Drugs are divided into different groups according to the organ or system on which they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics. Each drug is assigned at least one ATC code, which are classified into groups at five different levels. Table 1 below shows an illustration using amoxicillin as an example. Table1: Classification of amoxicillin of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system ATC Classification | 384 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | Drugs are divided into different groups according to the organ or system on which they act and/or their therapeutic and chemical characteristics. | 50 | page=50,block=2 | ||
| How is the number of DDDs calculated from prescription data? | multiplying the quantity by the DDD conversion factor | For OPD from administrative prescription claims data, If data are available at the individual claim level and the antibiotic is identified or mentioned, it is a fairly straightforward process to apply the ATC classification and convert into a number of DDDs. if the prescription indicates that the particular patient was dispensed 14 ciprofloxacin 500 tablets from a particular pharmacy. The number of DDDs is calculated by multiplying the quantity by the DDD conversion factor. In this example, the strength of one tablet is 500 mg and the ATC/DDD is 1 g for ciprofloxacin. Each 500 mg tablet is equivalent to 0. DDD. Multiplication of the quantity dispensed (14 tablets) by a conversion factor of 0.5 equals to total of 7 DDDs dispensed from this prescription. Data can then be collated, expressed and evaluated based on any other prescriptions record and then merged. 2. | 424 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | The number of DDDs is calculated by multiplying the quantity by the DDD conversion factor. | 51 | page=51,block=1 | ||
| What does the ATC/DDD methodology provide for drug utilization research? | a tool for drug utilization research in order to improve quality of drug use | ATC/DDD methodology of classification is a tool for drug utilization research in order to improve quality of drug use. It is an international language for grouping of drugs and measuring consumption of drug use. The WHO recommends this methodology of classification as their international standard for drug utilization studies. This methodology is widely used in drug catalogues, drug safety assessment and drug utilization and pharmacoepidemiology. The ATC/DDD system is a tool for exchanging and comparing data on drug use at international, national or local levels. When monitoring antimicrobial consumption in pediatric setting, tota antibiotic events C1. | 41 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | ATC/DDD methodology of classification is a tool for drug utilization research in order to improve quality of drug use. | 50 | page=50,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) for antibiotics based on? | the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults | J01 Antibacterials for systemic use 2nd level, therapeutic main group J01C Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins 3rd level, therapeutic/pharmacological subgroup J01C A Penicillins with extended spectrum 4thlevel,chemical/therapeutic/pharmacological subgroup J01C A04 Amoxicillin 5th level, subgroup for chemical substance C2. Defined Daily Dose To facilitate the ability to compare consumption information across time and geography, a technical unit of measurement was created for use in conjunction with the ATC classification. It is referred as the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and assigned to each drug at the 5th level (chemical substance) classification. It is defined by the ATC as the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. For antibiotics, the main indication is moderate to severe infections. | 686 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | It is defined by the ATC as the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. | 51 | |||
| What is the basis of the syndromic approach? | the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens | Presumptive treatment is prescribed typically while waiting for the culture report or in situations where the facilities for doing these tests is not available, is difficult or not cost effective or is impractical. However in certain situations the empirical therapy prescribed as prophylaxis also (e.g surgical prophylaxis, high prevalence, repeated risk of exposure). The syndromic approach is based on the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens. Before starting presumptive therapy ensure the following 1. Send and follow up on standard investigations for all suspected infections for correct and accurate diagnosis and prognosis. 2. Antibiotics SHOULD be started only after after sending appropriate cultures if facilities are available. | 405 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | The syndromic approach is based on the presence of consistent groups of symptoms and easily recognized signs caused by a single pathogen or a mixture of pathogens. | 9 | |||
| What is the mechanism of action of bactericidal drugs? | cause death and disruption of the bacterial cell | Antimicrobial agents with a narrower spectrum should be directed at the most likely pathogens for the duration of therapy for infections such as community-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections etc. in anOPD setting because specific microbiological tests are not routinely performed or available or affordable. Due considerations housld be given to the bactericidal vs bacteriostatic nature of the antimicrobial agents. Bactericidal drugs, which cause death and disruption of the bacterial cell, include drugs that primarily act on the cell wall (e.g., β-lactams), cell membrane (e.g., daptomycin), or bacterial DNA (e.g., fluoroquinolones). Bacteriostatic agents (e.g. sulfonamides and macrolides) inhibit bacterial replication without killing the organismact by inhibiting metabolic pathways or protein synthesis in bacteria. | 476 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | Bactericidal drugs, which cause death and disruption of the bacterial cell, include drugs that primarily act on the cell wall (e.g., β-lactams), cell membrane (e.g., daptomycin), or bacterial DNA (e.g., fluoroquinolones). | ||||
| What are If intravascular access devices? | a possible source of severe sepsis or septic shock, they should be removed promptly after other vascular access has been established | Perforated viscus requires repair and peritoneal washout. If intravascular access devices are a possible source of severe sepsis or septic shock, they should be removed promptly after other vascular access has been established. | 94 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | If intravascular access devices are a possible source of severe sepsis or septic shock, they should be removed promptly after other vascular access has been established. | 36 | page=36,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What are Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Enterococci? | a therapeutic challenge because of their intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics | 2. Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Enterococci are a therapeutic challenge because of their intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. The acquisition of resistance to vancomycin by enterococci has seriously affected the treatment and infection control of these organisms. | 59 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/resource/1769332642_File622.pdf | Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Enterococci are a therapeutic challenge because of their intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. | 42 | page=42,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
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| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=51,block=1 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=9,block=3 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 9 |
| page=9,block=3 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |