142 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from amr29, published by ncdc.mohfw.gov.in. The source is a 36-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include national antimicrobial consumption network, nac-net, antimicrobial resistance, ncdc, who aware classification, defined daily dose, antibiotic consumption, colistin. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 57 factual, 30 table, 19 list, 12 definition, 12 relationship, 9 summary, 3 comparison. 55 of the 142 pairs (38.7%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 87 are factual or table-based questions. 97.89% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 142 extractive question-and-answer pairs derived from a publication by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in India. It focuses on antimicrobial consumption and resistance, including data from the National Antibiotic Consumption Network (NAC-NET). Questions cover definitions, relationships, comparisons, and factual data, such as antibiotic consumption patterns, bed occupancy rates, and the use of WHO-classified antibiotic categories. The dataset provides verbatim answers sourced from the original document, enabling verification against the publication.
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df = desidata.load("ncdc-mohfw-gov-in-51a1d90313e518aee8fda40ef8cdc1c2")
df.head()First 10 of 142 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What role does monitoring antibiotic usage play in the National Programme on AMR Containment? | one of the critical components of this program | Executive summary In India, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) serves as the Nodal agency for the National Programme on AMR Containment. Monitoring antibiotic usage is one of the critical components of this program. To support this initiative, NCDC established the National Antibiotic Consumption Network (NAC-NET). | 176 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | Monitoring antibiotic usage is one of the critical components of this program. | 9 | page=9,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What classification system is used in the analysis of antibiotic consumption data from NAC-NET sites? | the WHO’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the DDD system | A key focus of this program is conducting surveillance on antibiotic use in healthcare settings across India. As part of the AMR initiative, the National Antibiotic Consumption Network (NAC-NET) was established across 24 states and 3 union territories (UTs) in a phased approach, involving government tertiary healthcare facilities (Fig. 1). The 2015 global surveillance report, covering 65 countries, did not include data on antibiotic consumption in India. Limited research has been conducted on antibiotic consumption in India using the WHO's AWaRe (Access, Watch, and Reserve) classification and Defined Daily Doses (DDD) system (6). This report aims to address that gap by presenting a detailed analysis of antibiotic consumption data gathered from 30 NAC-NET sites in 2022. The analysis follows the WHO’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the DDD system. | 801 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | The analysis follows the WHO’s Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the DDD system. | 11 | |||
| What is identified as a key method to fight antimicrobial resistance? | Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption at the hospital level | Ongoing monitoring of the use of "Watch" and "Reserve" category antimicrobials will be crucial in supporting effective antimicrobial stewardship practices. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption at the hospital level is an essential tool in the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance. | 156 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | Ongoing monitoring of the use of "Watch" and "Reserve" category antimicrobials will be crucial in supporting effective antimicrobial stewardship practices. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption at the hospital level is an essential tool in the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance. | 30 | page=30,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is monitored about antibiotics in terms of how they are administered? | Route of administration of antibiotics | Indicators monitored Antibiotic consumption is organized using the following key indicators: • Annual consumption in terms of DDD/100-bed-days • AWaRe classification of antibiotics • List of top-5 antibiotics used • Group wise antibiotic consumption • Route of administration of antibiotics | 252 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | Indicators monitored Antibiotic consumption is organized using the following key indicators: • Annual consumption in terms of DDD/100-bed-days • AWaRe classification of antibiotics • List of top-5 antibiotics used • Group wise antibiotic consumption • Route of administration of antibiotics | 16 | page=16,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the definition of Defined Daily Dose? | The assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults | Measures of antibiotic consumption Antibiotic consumption was measured in Defined Daily Doses. • Defined Daily Dose: The assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults (5). WHO AMC Tool 2019 v.1.9.0 was used to calculate DDDs of each volume of antibiotics. • Bed occupancy: Bed occupancy rate for each month was calculated using the formula – Bed occupancy rate / Bed days = Occupied beds / Available beds, • DDD/100-bed-days: This was calculated using the total number of beds for all sites and using the bed occupancy rate as 100%. Data collection and analysis At the site level, data collection is done by the pharmacist. | 117 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | • Defined Daily Dose: The assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults (5). | 15 | page=15,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the purpose of Reserve group antimicrobials? | intended for “last resort” situations | This pattern does not align with the WHO’s recommendation that at least 60% of total antimicrobial consumption should come from the Access category. The use of Reserve group antimicrobials, intended for “last resort” situations, also raised concerns. The consumption of Reserve antimicrobials ranged from 0-9 % of total usage, indicating a need to strengthen local antimicrobial stewardship practices. Since Reserve antimicrobials are meant to be used sparingly, their consumption should be minimized. It's important to note that the data on consumption was sourced from hospital pharmacies and did not account for antibiotics purchased out-of-pocket by patients. The use of “non- recommended” antibiotics (7%), which ranged from 0-17%, also raises concern. | 190 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | The use of Reserve group antimicrobials, intended for “last resort” situations, also raised concerns. | 29 | page=29,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What benefit does combining antimicrobial consumption data with resistance information offer? | valuable insights into usage patterns and overall trends | implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and limited adherence to Standard Treatment Guidelines. These challenges highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to optimize antibiotic use across all NAC-NET sites. Limitation The consumption data compiled in this report is from the hospital pharmacy which only caters to in-patients of the hospital. Any antimicrobials prescribed to the patients that were purchased from other sources is not included, including antimicrobials prescribed to outpatients. Conclusion The analysis of antimicrobial consumption across the sites provides valuable insights into usage patterns and overall trends. By linking consumption data with antimicrobial resistance, we can gain a deeper understanding of AMR issues within these facilities. | 608 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | Conclusion The analysis of antimicrobial consumption across the sites provides valuable insights into usage patterns and overall trends. | 30 | page=30,block=1 | 0.700 | |
| What broader initiative do NAC-NET sites support by applying the suggested strategies? | the national effort to contain antimicrobial resistance in India | By implementing these strategies, NAC-NET sites can optimize antibiotic usage, minimize resistance development, and contribute to the national effort to contain antimicrobial resistance in India. These measures will improve patient outcomes and help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations. | 130 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | By implementing these strategies, NAC-NET sites can optimize antibiotic usage, minimize resistance development, and contribute to the national effort to contain antimicrobial resistance in India. | 31 | page=31,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What factor related to hospital operations could have led to higher antibiotic use? | bed occupancy rates exceeding 100% | The top five most commonly used antibiotics varied across institutions, with azithromycin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and ceftriaxone frequently appearing on the list. Some institutions also reported bed occupancy rates exceeding 100%. For operational purposes, bed occupancy was recorded as 100%, which may have contributed to increased antibiotic consumption due to higher patient loads. Consumption by route of administration is variable across the sites. the findings reveal significant gaps in the rational use of antibiotics. The overuse of "Watch" antibiotics and the variability in practices across sites suggest inconsistent | 206 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | Some institutions also reported bed occupancy rates exceeding 100%. | 29 | page=29,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is one major contributor to the development of antibiotic resistance? | the overuse of antibiotics in humans | Background The growing threat of antibiotic resistance (AMR) poses a significant challenge to global public health. As bacteria evolve, antibiotics become less effective, making infections more difficult to treat. In 2019, an estimated 4.95 million deaths were linked to bacterial AMR, with 1.27 million deaths directly attributed to antibiotic resistance (1). South Asian region is projected to have one of the highest all-age AMR mortality rates in 2050 (2). A key factor driving AMR is the overuse of antibiotics in humans, with studies highlighting the inappropriate use of antibiotics, particularly in hospital settings (3-5). The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in New Delhi serves as the nodal agency for the National Programme on AMR Containment, which promotes rational antibiotic use. | 489 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr29.pdf | A key factor driving AMR is the overuse of antibiotics in humans, with studies highlighting the inappropriate use of antibiotics, particularly in hospital settings (3-5). | 11 | page=11,block=1 | 0.700 |
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