410 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Annual Report, published by ncdc.mohfw.gov.in. The source is a 65-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include national antimicrobial resistance surveillance network (nars-net), antimicrobial resistance (amr), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre), e. coli, klebsiella species, pseudomonas species, acinetobacter species. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 189 factual, 120 table, 29 summary, 26 list, 23 comparison, 16 relationship, 7 definition. 101 of the 410 pairs (24.6%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 309 are factual or table-based questions. 97.80% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
This dataset contains 410 question-and-answer pairs derived from the Annual Report on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) published by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), India. It covers topics such as bacterial and fungal resistance patterns, surveillance methods, and resistance trends for specific pathogens. The dataset includes detailed information on laboratory-based AMR surveillance, resistance rates for various antibiotics and antifungals, and the impact of AMR on healthcare. Each record is linked to its source document for verification.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("ncdc-mohfw-gov-in-4743e9fffa12bb60190d46481ffa0a47")
df.head()First 10 of 410 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_document | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What does Pefloxacin capture regarding resistance mechanisms in Salmonella Typhi? | both chromosomal and plasmid mediated resistance | inhibition on disk diffusion and the strains are observed to be susceptible. Pefloxacin captures both chromosomal and plasmid mediated resistance. The AMR surveillance data presented in this report provides critical insights into resistance trends and highlights areas needing focused attention. Strengthening surveillance systems to generate quality AMR surveillance data, local use of data for generating antibiograms to guide judicious use of antibiotics, strengthening infection prevention and control in the health care facilities and the community to reduce infections and improving awareness to promote behavior change towards judicious use of antibiotics are essential pillars for AMR containment in the country. The findings in this report reinforce the value of strengthening surveillance system and a unified national AMR network. | 97 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | Pefloxacin captures both chromosomal and plasmid mediated resistance. | 54 | page=54,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the function of WHONET 2024 in antimicrobial resistance surveillance? | collecting, collating and analyzing routine antimicrobial susceptibility data | This process plays a crucial role in strengthening and standardizing antimicrobial resistance surveillance across the network. The WHONET 2024, an open-source offline microbiology data management desktop application, has been used for collecting, collating and analyzing routine antimicrobial susceptibility data generated by manual testing methods and automated systems at the laboratories. In this report, M100 34th Ed. of Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline5 is used for the classification of the isolates as susceptible (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R). AMR data submitted monthly is reviewed during the monthly data quality monitoring virtual calls conducted by the designated AMR nodal officer at NCDC for the designated programme sites. | 235 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | The WHONET 2024, an open-source offline microbiology data management desktop application, has been used for collecting, collating and analyzing routine antimicrobial susceptibility data generated by manual testing methods and automated systems at the laboratories. | ||||
| What is the main goal of Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance? | tracking and combating the growing threat of AMR | Executive Summary Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) surveillance is crucial for tracking and combating the growing threat of AMR. This is the ninth report of National AMR Surveillance Network (NARS- Net) established under the National Programme on AMR Containment coordinated by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), MoHFW, India. This report includes bacterial AMR surveillance data from 62 sentinel surveillance sites. National programme on AMR containment has been expanded in a phased manner and currently includes 70 laboratories in 34 states/UTs (as of March 2026). This report provides insights into antimicrobial resistance patterns, trends and emerging resistance across the network sites. The current report includes data of bacterial and fungal AMR Surveillance for the reporting period from 01st January 2025 to 31st December 2025. | 77 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | Executive Summary Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) surveillance is crucial for tracking and combating the growing threat of AMR. | 8 | page=8,block=1 | 0.700 | |
| What was the defined MIC endpoint for amphotericin B? | the lowest concentration at which there was 100% inhibition of growth compared with the drug-free control wells | The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) endpoints for all the drugs except amphotericin B were defined as the lowest drug concentration that caused a prominent decrease in growth (50%) in relation to the controls and for amphotericin B, the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration at which there was 100% inhibition of growth compared with the drug-free control wells. Candida krusei ATCC 6258 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were included as quality control strains in accordance with CLSI recommendations. | 263 | definition | 1.000 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) endpoints for all the drugs except amphotericin B were defined as the lowest drug concentration that caused a prominent decrease in growth (50%) in relation to the controls and for amphotericin B, the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration at which there was 100% inhibition of growth compared with the drug-free control wells. | 56 | page=56,block=1 | 0.700 | |
| What is Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? | performed to detect the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and Oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) carbapenemase genes | For molecular characterization of carbapenem resistance, 522 representative isolates were randomly selected from different geographical regions of India, including North, South, East, West, Central, and North-East India, to ensure regional representation. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and Oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) carbapenemase genes. The selected isolates comprised 136 Escherichia coli, 152 Klebsiella spp., 136 Acinetobacter spp., and 98 Pseudomonas spp. | 305 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and Oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) carbapenemase genes. | 49 | page=49,block=2 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is antimicrobial resistance? | a rapidly escalating global health threat | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly escalating global health threat. As pathogens evolve to resist the existing antimicrobials, once-manageable diseases become increasingly difficult or impossible to cure. | 34 | definition | 0.980 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly escalating global health threat. | 10 | page=10,block=3 | 0.850 | valid |
| What factor could cause the data to be skewed towards resistance in the analysis? | multiple isolates of same organism | For data analysis, only the first antibiotic susceptibility result has been considered for each patient per specimen type and pathogen. if two blood cultures from the same patient yielded growth of E. coli, only the first has been included in the data; if the growth of E. coli was detected in one culture and of K. pneumoniae in the other, both results have been considered. If there was growth of E. coli in one blood culture and in one urine culture from the same patient, both specimen types have been included. If for the same patient, multiple isolates of same organism are included in the analysis, then there is a possibility that the data might get skewed towards resistance especially for isolates like P.aeruginosa and A.baumanii. | 541 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | If for the same patient, multiple isolates of same organism are included in the analysis, then there is a possibility that the data might get skewed towards resistance especially for isolates like P.aeruginosa and A.baumanii. | 15 | page=15,block=2 | 0.700 | |
| What intrinsic resistance was observed in Pichia kudriavzevii? | intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (MIC >32mg/L) | Pichia kudriavzevii: The antifungal susceptibility pattern of P. kudriavzevii (n=81) reveals intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (MIC >32mg/L). Wickerhamomyces anomalus: As no breakpoints are available for W. anomalus, however epidemiological cut-off values (ECV) are given in CLSI M57SEd.4, so we used ECV to categorise the isolates into wild type and non-wild type. All strains (n=43) exhibited low MICs for all the tested antifungals except fluconazole and amphotericin B. Out of 43, 4 isolates (9.3%) were non-wild type as they exhibited MIC value >8 mg/L for fluconazole. Candida auris: There are currently no established C. auris-specific susceptibility breakpoints in CLSI-guidelines. we use tentative breakpoints for C. auris against different antifungals as recommended by CDC 2024. | 93 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | kudriavzevii (n=81) reveals intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (MIC >32mg/L). | 62 | page=62,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is done with antibiotic-resistant alert strains confirmed by the National Reference Laboratory? | only the confirmed alerts are included in the annual report | National Reference Laboratory (NRL) has been established at NCDC in 2018-19 to implement External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) for the network labs so as to ensure quality AMR Surveillance data. NRL also confirms all the antibiotic-resistant alert strains, as defined under the programme, submitted by network sites and only the confirmed alerts are included in the annual report. Feedback on EQAS and Alert confirmation is shared with the respective sentinel sites. The NRL for AMR in fungal pathogens was established at VPCI, | 324 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | NRL also confirms all the antibiotic-resistant alert strains, as defined under the programme, submitted by network sites and only the confirmed alerts are included in the annual report. | 12 | page=12,block=3 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is done with the data if two blood cultures from the same patient show growth of E. coli? | only the first has been included in the data | For data analysis, only the first antibiotic susceptibility result has been considered for each patient per specimen type and pathogen. if two blood cultures from the same patient yielded growth of E. coli, only the first has been included in the data; if the growth of E. coli was detected in one culture and of K. pneumoniae in the other, both results have been considered. If there was growth of E. coli in one blood culture and in one urine culture from the same patient, both specimen types have been included. If for the same patient, multiple isolates of same organism are included in the analysis, then there is a possibility that the data might get skewed towards resistance especially for isolates like P.aeruginosa and A.baumanii. | 207 | relationship | 0.970 | https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/uploads/pdf/amr301.pdf | coli, only the first has been included in the data; if the growth of E. | 15 | page=15,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 13 |
| page=13,block=1 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| valid |
| valid |
| valid |