944 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Exemplars National Report 1, published by nhsrcindia.org. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 701 of the 944 pairs (74.3%) are explanatory questions and 243 restate a figure. 98.41% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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First 10 of 944 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What does population attributable fraction represent in the context of neonatal mortality? | the proportion of neonatal mortality that can be attributed to a specifi c risk factor among the entire population | The population attributable fraction (PAF) is the proportion of neonatal mortality that can be attributed to a specifi c risk factor among the entire population. It captures both relative risk and composition. | 46 | definition | 1.000 | The population attributable fraction (PAF) is the proportion of neonatal mortality that can be attributed to a specifi c risk factor among the entire population. | 52 | page=52,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does Stage V represent in terms of maternal and peri-neonatal mortality? | the lowest possible maternal and peri-neonatal mortality, wherein mothers and newborns have universal access to high quality care and (almost) all preventable deaths are eliminated | Populations move across Stage II, III, and IV as access to health services increases, quality improves, inequality patterns change from top to bottom inequality, infectious diseases and peri-partum conditions decrease in importance as causes of death, and fertility declines. Stage V is the lowest possible maternal and peri-neonatal mortality, wherein mothers and newborns have universal access to high quality care and (almost) all preventable deaths are eliminated. This chapter provides some reflections on potential strategic and policy implications from the MNH exemplar study in India. | 287 | definition | 1.000 | Stage V is the lowest possible maternal and peri-neonatal mortality, wherein mothers and newborns have universal access to high quality care and (almost) all preventable deaths are eliminated. | 146 | page=146,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What criteria were used for selection in the analysis of maternal and neonatal mortality during 2000-2017? | based on SRS data, with its high consistency over time and availability for both indicators | The AARCs in maternal and neonatal mortality during 2000-2017 were used as the main statistics for selection. The selection is based on SRS data, with its high consistency over time and availability for both indicators. The NFHS also provides trend data on neonatal mortality. | 127 | definition | 1.000 | The selection is based on SRS data, with its high consistency over time and availability for both indicators. | 177 | page=177,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What was perinatal asphyxia considered a cause of in that study? | considered as a cause only for neonatal deaths in that study | The main causes of intrapartum stillbirths were due to complications of labour and delivery (nearly 50%), a third due to maternal medical conditions including maternal infections, placental complications leading to antepartum haemorrhage, and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, followed by specifi c fetal causes (7% Haryana, 20% UP) or congenital abnormalities (13% in Haryana, 2% UP). Perinatal asphyxia was considered as a cause only for neonatal deaths in that study. Timing Of Neonatal Deaths By Major Causes Causes of Neonatal Death Neonatal mortality risks vary greatly within the fi rst month, with at least 75% of neonatal deaths taking place during the fi rst week and as much as half within the fi rst two days of life in most higher mortality settings. | 411 | definition | 1.000 | Perinatal asphyxia was considered as a cause only for neonatal deaths in that study. | 201 | page=201,block=15 | 0.850 | valid |
| What role did UNICEF play in the development of special newborn care units? | the ones who funded the initial pilots, the UN mandated their scale-up” (KI_10, government technical and development partner) | “And the SNUCs had the backing of the UN. UNICEF were the ones who funded the initial pilots, the UN mandated their scale-up” (KI_10, government technical and development partner). This focus on facility-based care undermined efforts to save neonatal lives through HBNC. | 54 | definition | 1.000 | UNICEF were the ones who funded the initial pilots, the UN mandated their scale-up” (KI_10, government technical and development partner). | 241 | page=241,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What measure indicates whether the need for C-sections is being adequately met? | the rates among deliveries the poorest, where a rate of 10-15% is indicative of met need | Notably, neonatal mortality declined signifi cantly in all facility births between 2005-06 and 2019-21, in both the state clusters, while neonatal mortality among home- based births remained as high as 35 per 1,000 live births. C-sections nearly tripled, from 8% in 2000 to 22% in 2018, largely driven by the private sector and increasing rates in public tertiary hospitals. C-section rates remained higher among wealthier and urban groups, indicative of major use of non-medically indicated C-sections. A better indicator of the extent to which the need for C-section is met are the rates among deliveries the poorest, where a rate of 10-15% is indicative of met need. Among the poorest wealth tertile, C-section rates increased from 2% in NFHS 1998/99 to 9% in NFHS 2019/21, with the fastest increase occurring during 2005-2015. | 580 | definition | 1.000 | A better indicator of the extent to which the need for C-section is met are the rates among deliveries the poorest, where a rate of 10-15% is indicative of met need. | 25 | page=25,block=2 | 0.700 | |
| What kind of estimates does the SRS provide for maternal mortality trends? | state-level estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) | Maternal and neonatal survival gains: where, when, who Overview This chapter presents the trends in levels, timing, causes of maternal and then neonatal mortality, as well as their drivers of change using disaggregated analyses by socio-economic and fertility characteristics. The main data source for maternal mortality trends is the SRS, which provides state-level estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by combining data for three-year periods (for methods see Annex A and for detailed results see Annex B). | 355 | definition | 1.000 | The main data source for maternal mortality trends is the SRS, which provides state-level estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by combining data for three-year periods (for methods see Annex A and for detailed results see Annex B). | 42 | page=42,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does ANCq represent in terms of points? | at least 9 points out of 13 | The total number of births in health facilities increased from 11 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2018 (out of around 26 million births each). There was a large gap between any ANC and ANCq (shown as at least 9 points out of 13) but during RCH II/NRHM this gap narrowed, indicating more ANC visits, earlier initiation and better contents of care. 88,xxv xxiii The fi ve rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93 (NFHS-1), 1998-99 (NFHS-2), 2005-06 (NFHS-3), 2015-16 (NFHS-4), and 2019-21 (NFHS-5) included information on antenatal and delivery care indicators for the births during 1989-1992, 1996-98, 2001-2005, 2011-2015, and 2015-2018. | 201 | definition | 1.000 | There was a large gap between any ANC and ANCq (shown as at least 9 points out of 13) but during RCH II/NRHM this gap narrowed, indicating more ANC visits, earlier initiation and better contents of care. | 57 | page=57,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the health facility density based on? | population estimated from the RGI projection using the annual exponential growth rate | India, higher, and lower mortality state clusters (Rural Health Statistics 1985-2019) Note: The health facility density is calculated based on population estimated from the RGI projection using the annual exponential growth rate. | 143 | definition | 1.000 | India, higher, and lower mortality state clusters (Rural Health Statistics 1985-2019) Note: The health facility density is calculated based on population estimated from the RGI projection using the annual exponential growth rate. | 80 | page=80,block=5 | 0.700 | valid |
| What are VHNDs designed to achieve at the periphery of the health system? | convergence of immunization, antenatal and nutrition services at primary level | VHNDs were identifi ed as an important platform for “fi rst-contact primary health care” at the periphery of the health system during the NRHM period, to bring about convergence of immunization, antenatal and nutrition services at primary level. VHNDs are monthly outreach events, usually on Wednesdays, wherein an ANM from the local sub-centre or PHC visits the village and conducts health check-ups, particularly ANC and immunization, and provides health education. ASHAs support the VHND by encouraging women and children to attend and helping the ANM throughout. The AWWs, who provide preschool and nutrition services, also supports the event and VHNDs generally take place in the village’s anganwadi centre. | 166 | definition | 1.000 | VHNDs were identifi ed as an important platform for “fi rst-contact primary health care” at the periphery of the health system during the NRHM period, to bring about convergence of immunization, antenatal and nutrition services at primary level. | 85 | page=85,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
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| valid |