DemographicsEnglish7.1/10 · BronzeCSV file availableUpdated 7 Oct 2026

Estimated Population By Castes, 12 Bombay - Question and Answer Dataset

Name: Estimated Population By Castes, 12 Bombay - Question and Answer Dataset
Creator: censusindia.gov.in
Keywords: Demographics, question-answering, extractive-qa, castes, 1951-census, bombay, registrar-general, india, scheduled-castes, scheduled-tribes, backward-classes, other-castes

#question-answering#extractive-qa#castes#1951-census#bombay#registrar-general#india#scheduled-castes#scheduled-tribes#backward-classes#other-castes

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Rows: 12.0 KB
File size: CSV
Format: 0
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About this dataset

12 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Estimated Population By Castes, 12 Bombay, published by censusindia.gov.in. The source is a 27-page publication. Source-evidenced topics include castes, 1951 census, bombay, registrar general, india, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. Question types in the export: 8 factual, 2 summary, 1 list, 1 relationship. 4 of the 12 pairs (33.3%) ask explanatory questions; the remaining 8 are factual or table-based questions. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.

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First 10 of 12 rows

Sample rows from Estimated Population By Castes, 12 Bombay - Question and Answer Dataset
question	answer	context	answer_start	question_type	knowledge_quality_score	source_document	source_quote	source_page	source_location	confidence	validation_status
What happens to members of the Chambhar caste who identify as Ahir?	is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e	-23- community of oc cupations ~ And in SJme case s the tradition of the tribe name is so strong that it • will b e r c t urn0d at the Census. Thus many functional c c:::.st e s cont a in J-~h ir and Gu jar se ctions and it ma y a nd d oe s h appe n thb. t ail i ... hir Chambhar, for instanc Eo) , will r e turn hims e lf a s ill~ bhir. But the b a 12nce of the Ahir tribe, th~ t is all those who had not be8L Qbsor- b e d into othe r Castes , bc cQIDe its elf C<. c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds. Consequently the Chambha r is noL. onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e . For this r eason the stre n gth of Castvs like hhir is liabl e to show violent fluct u a tion s f rom Censu s t o Census. BJ..Vl.'-'..	603	relationship	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e .	24	page=24,block=0	0.700	valid
How was the population of each caste in 1951 estimated?	on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	533	summary	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S .	2	page=2,block=0	0.700
What was the scope of caste enumeration in the 1951 Census?	limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	106	summary	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What are the four categories of tables presented in the document?	(i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	650	list	0.820	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	2
What did the Backward Classes Commission require for their work?	the figures of population of each individual Caste	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	389	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What information was not separately extracted for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Backward Classes in the 1951 Census?	the fi gures of each Caste	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	244	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained..	2
What is the proposed method for tabulating Hindu Devangs and Lingayat Devangs separately?	ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion	-24- l-Li<:c Dsvai:g , v[.hi eh 0 ceur &rrlong or'cIi'ffcf"i71f:i_ndus also and these Ling..J.yat Dcvangs will be included with their Hindu fellow3. If on the othor hand we; ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion, then we c a n tabu l~t8 Hind u De v a n gs and Lin ~a yat De v a ngs sep2 r a tely, just ] 921 Bomb a y Report pap;(_; .1 d) • ./IJIhLI rtND G.i ... VLI. There is a doublo difficulty here.	174	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	If on the othor hand we; ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion, then we c a n tabu l~t8 Hind u De v a n gs and Lin ~a yat De v a ngs sep2 r a tely, just ] 921 Bomb a y Report pap;(_; .1 d) • ./IJIhLI rtND G.i ...	25	page=25,block=0	0.700	valid
Why were caste-wise figures for 1941 not used?	No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census	Some minor adjustments have been made in the estimated figures of Scheduled Castes in order ~o make the total tally vvith the 1951 Census total of that group_ 3. Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables. (b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census. The tllble s of	372	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	(b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
Why were figures for 1911 and 1921 not available for Bombay?	Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables	Some minor adjustments have been made in the estimated figures of Scheduled Castes in order ~o make the total tally vvith the 1951 Census total of that group_ 3. Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables. (b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census. The tllble s of	256	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What traditional occupation is associated with the Ahir tribe?	cowherds	-23- community of oc cupations ~ And in SJme case s the tradition of the tribe name is so strong that it • will b e r c t urn0d at the Census. Thus many functional c c:::.st e s cont a in J-~h ir and Gu jar se ctions and it ma y a nd d oe s h appe n thb. t ail i ... hir Chambhar, for instanc Eo) , will r e turn hims e lf a s ill~ bhir. But the b a 12nce of the Ahir tribe, th~ t is all those who had not be8L Qbsor- b e d into othe r Castes , bc cQIDe its elf C<. c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds. Consequently the Chambha r is noL. onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e . For this r eason the stre n gth of Castvs like hhir is liabl e to show violent fluct u a tion s f rom Censu s t o Census. BJ..Vl.'-'..	519	factual	0.490	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds.	24	page=24,block=0	0.700	valid

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Details

Category: Demographics
Language: English
Format: CSV
Rows: 12
File size: 12.0 KB
Licence: Not specified
Source: censusindia.gov.in
DesiData Scale™: 7.1 / 10 · Bronze

Preview

First 10 of 12 rows

Sample rows from Estimated Population By Castes, 12 Bombay - Question and Answer Dataset
question	answer	context	answer_start	question_type	knowledge_quality_score	source_document	source_quote	source_page	source_location	confidence	validation_status
What happens to members of the Chambhar caste who identify as Ahir?	is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e	-23- community of oc cupations ~ And in SJme case s the tradition of the tribe name is so strong that it • will b e r c t urn0d at the Census. Thus many functional c c:::.st e s cont a in J-~h ir and Gu jar se ctions and it ma y a nd d oe s h appe n thb. t ail i ... hir Chambhar, for instanc Eo) , will r e turn hims e lf a s ill~ bhir. But the b a 12nce of the Ahir tribe, th~ t is all those who had not be8L Qbsor- b e d into othe r Castes , bc cQIDe its elf C<. c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds. Consequently the Chambha r is noL. onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e . For this r eason the stre n gth of Castvs like hhir is liabl e to show violent fluct u a tion s f rom Censu s t o Census. BJ..Vl.'-'..	603	relationship	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e .	24	page=24,block=0	0.700	valid
How was the population of each caste in 1951 estimated?	on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	533	summary	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S .	2	page=2,block=0	0.700
What was the scope of caste enumeration in the 1951 Census?	limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	106	summary	0.970	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What are the four categories of tables presented in the document?	(i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	650	list	0.820	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	2
What did the Backward Classes Commission require for their work?	the figures of population of each individual Caste	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	389	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What information was not separately extracted for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Backward Classes in the 1951 Census?	the fi gures of each Caste	I N T ROD U C T ION. ·-.-·-.-.-.-.-._._._a_. ------------- In pursuance .of Government policy there · was limited enumeration and tabulation of Castes in 1951 Census. Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained.. The Backward Classes Commission require the figures of population of each individual Caste. In order t,o assist them Cill estimate o f population of each Caste in 1 951 ha~3 been made on the basis of the figures of the previous C E:;ilSUSC;S . 2. The figurfJ. have been pr'es8nt c:;d in four tables:- (i) Scheduled Castes; (ii) Scheduled Tribes; (iii) Backward Classes; and (iv) Other Cast es, ~indus and 1-1uslims sepg.rately.	244	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	Even in the case of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the fi gures of each Caste were not sGparc~tGly (!xtra(:ted; .~1ly thf~ group totals we re ascertained..	2
What is the proposed method for tabulating Hindu Devangs and Lingayat Devangs separately?	ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion	-24- l-Li<:c Dsvai:g , v[.hi eh 0 ceur &rrlong or'cIi'ffcf"i71f:i_ndus also and these Ling..J.yat Dcvangs will be included with their Hindu fellow3. If on the othor hand we; ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion, then we c a n tabu l~t8 Hind u De v a n gs and Lin ~a yat De v a ngs sep2 r a tely, just ] 921 Bomb a y Report pap;(_; .1 d) • ./IJIhLI rtND G.i ... VLI. There is a doublo difficulty here.	174	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	If on the othor hand we; ke e p Lingaya t as a main religion, then we c a n tabu l~t8 Hind u De v a n gs and Lin ~a yat De v a ngs sep2 r a tely, just ] 921 Bomb a y Report pap;(_; .1 d) • ./IJIhLI rtND G.i ...	25	page=25,block=0	0.700	valid
Why were caste-wise figures for 1941 not used?	No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census	Some minor adjustments have been made in the estimated figures of Scheduled Castes in order ~o make the total tally vvith the 1951 Census total of that group_ 3. Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables. (b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census. The tllble s of	372	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	(b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
Why were figures for 1911 and 1921 not available for Bombay?	Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables	Some minor adjustments have been made in the estimated figures of Scheduled Castes in order ~o make the total tally vvith the 1951 Census total of that group_ 3. Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables. (b) No Caste-wise figures are available for 1941 Census. The tllble s of	256	factual	0.570	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	Figures for 1911 ,1921 and 1941 could not be taken on account of t he following reasons:- (a) Separate figures for the constituG4ts compri 5inf~ Borr.bay are no c, available in 1911 and 1921 Census tables.	2	page=2,block=0	0.700	valid
What traditional occupation is associated with the Ahir tribe?	cowherds	-23- community of oc cupations ~ And in SJme case s the tradition of the tribe name is so strong that it • will b e r c t urn0d at the Census. Thus many functional c c:::.st e s cont a in J-~h ir and Gu jar se ctions and it ma y a nd d oe s h appe n thb. t ail i ... hir Chambhar, for instanc Eo) , will r e turn hims e lf a s ill~ bhir. But the b a 12nce of the Ahir tribe, th~ t is all those who had not be8L Qbsor- b e d into othe r Castes , bc cQIDe its elf C<. c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds. Consequently the Chambha r is noL. onl y lost to h is ov,~n c [.ste , but is included w~on gly in th e Ah~r Cust e . For this r eason the stre n gth of Castvs like hhir is liabl e to show violent fluct u a tion s f rom Censu s t o Census. BJ..Vl.'-'..	519	factual	0.490	https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30207/download/33388/21097_1951_EST.pdf	c <..:.s to 1/ri i:,h the tra ditional occupation of cowherds.	24	page=24,block=0	0.700	valid

Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.