| What is the purpose of fumigation with phosphine gas in the context of codling moth control? | disinfestation technology that has recently been extended to fresh produce | Abstract Codling moth, although rare on New Zealand export pipfruit, is a quarantine actionable pest that limits access to countries where it is not present and requires speciic control measures during production. Fumigation with phosphine gas is a disinfestation technology that has recently been extended to fresh produce. Apples infested with codling moth ifth instar larvae and eggs were fumigated for two durations at concentrations from 500 to 3500 ppm phosphine at two temperatures. | 249 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Fumigation with phosphine gas is a disinfestation technology that has recently been extended to fresh produce. | 1 | page=1,block=4 | 0.700 | valid |
| What statistical model was used to analyze the effects of concentration, treatment duration, and temperature on mortality? | Negative binomial Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) | Negative binomial Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were used to analyse the effects of concentration, treatment duration and temperature on mortality. The Modern Applied Statistics with S package (Venables & Ripley 2002) provides R (Anonymous 2013) functionality to estimate the over-dispersion that is commonly found in these types of data. Analysing data for the two temperatures separately for each life- stage, the control data were examined to check the stability of the replicates and the effect of | 0 | definition | 1.000 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Negative binomial Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were used to analyse the effects of concentration, treatment duration and temperature on mortality. | 3 | page=3,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why is Methyl bromide use being limited worldwide? | its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives | New Zealand apples have been able to be exported to Japan since 1993 after irst being fumigated with methyl bromide followed by cool-storage as a mandatory postharvest treatment (Anonymous 1993). Methyl bromide use is being limited worldwide because of its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives. Phosphine has a long history as a product for disinfesting grain (Chaudhry 1997) and recently has been used as a pest mitigation treatment at cool-storage temperatures for a wide variety of fresh produce in Chile (Horn et al. | 253 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Methyl bromide use is being limited worldwide because of its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives. | 1 | page=1,block=4 | 0.800 | valid |
| How did oxygen concentrations affect survivorship of Indian meal moth eggs during phosphine fumigation? | phosphine fumigation at 15 and 10% oxygen resulted in signiicantly greater survivorship than normoxic (20.7%) conditions | Studies on Indian meal moth eggs demonstrated that phosphine fumigation at 15 and 10% oxygen resulted in signiicantly greater survivorship than normoxic (20.7%) conditions and super-atmospheric oxygen concentrations greatly increased phosphine toxicity to a wide variety of insects (Liu 2011). Oxygen concentrations within fumigation chambers during this trial were not reduced greatly by fruit and insect respiration at both temperatures. oxygen concentrations within the fruit lesh surrounding the codling moth larvae may have been much lower because of fruit and insect respiration. Liu (2012) suggested that highly oxygenated atmospheres may be important for reducing the long fumigation times associated with phosphine fumigation to achieve complete mortality. | 51 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Studies on Indian meal moth eggs demonstrated that phosphine fumigation at 15 and 10% oxygen resulted in signiicantly greater survivorship than normoxic (20.7%) conditions and super-atmospheric oxygen concentrations greatly increased phosphine toxicity to a wide variety of insects (Liu 2011). |
| What effect did narcosis have on the absorption of phosphine by insects? | absorption of phosphine was also lowered | Narcosis meant that when the insects were exposed to high concentrations of phosphine, they were paralysed, respiration was reduced and therefore absorption of phosphine was also lowered. | 146 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Narcosis meant that when the insects were exposed to high concentrations of phosphine, they were paralysed, respiration was reduced and therefore absorption of phosphine was also lowered. | 5 | page=5,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What effect do super-atmospheric oxygen concentrations have on phosphine toxicity to insects? | greatly increased phosphine toxicity to a wide variety of insects | Studies on Indian meal moth eggs demonstrated that phosphine fumigation at 15 and 10% oxygen resulted in signiicantly greater survivorship than normoxic (20.7%) conditions and super-atmospheric oxygen concentrations greatly increased phosphine toxicity to a wide variety of insects (Liu 2011). Oxygen concentrations within fumigation chambers during this trial were not reduced greatly by fruit and insect respiration at both temperatures. oxygen concentrations within the fruit lesh surrounding the codling moth larvae may have been much lower because of fruit and insect respiration. Liu (2012) suggested that highly oxygenated atmospheres may be important for reducing the long fumigation times associated with phosphine fumigation to achieve complete mortality. | 216 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Studies on Indian meal moth eggs demonstrated that phosphine fumigation at 15 and 10% oxygen resulted in signiicantly greater survivorship than normoxic (20.7%) conditions and super-atmospheric oxygen concentrations greatly increased phosphine toxicity to a wide variety of insects (Liu 2011). |
| What role could phosphine potentially play in improving market access for pipfruit? | reducing the risk of detecting live pests | 2005). Based upon the results of the present study, the pipfruit sector has chosen not to pursue the development of a mandatory phosphine postharvest quarantine treatment at this time. Phosphine could potentially have a role as a mitigation treatment to improve market access by reducing the risk of detecting live pests, similar to the way it has been used on kiwifruit (Jamieson et al. 2012). Using phosphine in this way would depend on its activity against other pests and its effects on fruit quality, and would require a careful comparison of costs and beneits. Jamieson et al. (2012) highlighted the need for the commercialisation of phosphine for perishables to be based upon cohesive research, which has not always happened internationally. | 279 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Phosphine could potentially have a role as a mitigation treatment to improve market access by reducing the risk of detecting live pests, similar to the way it has been used on kiwifruit (Jamieson et al. | 6 | page=6,block=0 |
| What was the effect of treatment duration on codling moth larvae mortality at both temperatures tested? | The duration of fumigation had a small but non-signiicant effect on larval mortality at both temperatures tested. | At neither lower nor higher temperature did the duration of treatment signiicantly inluence codling moth larvae exposed to phosphine fumigation. The duration of fumigation had a small but non-signiicant effect on larval mortality at both temperatures tested. | 145 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | At neither lower nor higher temperature did the duration of treatment signiicantly inluence codling moth larvae exposed to phosphine fumigation. The duration of fumigation had a small but non-signiicant effect on larval mortality at both temperatures tested. | 4 | page=4,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why might larvae within the fruit flesh be harder to kill during phosphine fumigation? | less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere | These are very long exposure times that would not be well accepted by the New Zealand pipfruit sector. this study was undertaken using naked insects and it is probable that larvae within the fruit lesh would be harder to kill because less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere. Oxygen is important for the toxicity of phosphine against insects (Chaudhry 1997; Liu 2011). | 234 | relationship | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | this study was undertaken using naked insects and it is probable that larvae within the fruit lesh would be harder to kill because less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere. | 5 | page=5,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| How was the phosphine gas mixed within the chambers? | with a fan itted with magnets and controlled by an external motor placed on the horizontal glass door | For each run, 30 apples infested with codling moth (28 apples each with three ifth instar larvae and two infested with 1-day-old eggs) were placed into each of four 27-litre chambers (55300-00 modiied vacuum desiccators, Labconco Kansas City USA). These chambers were evacuated to approximately vacuum 40 kPa using a vacuum pump, and a predetermined dose of 1.39% phosphine gas in nitrogen was injected through a non-return valve using a 1-litre Perspex syringe. Residual vacuum was then released by opening then closing a shut-off valve, and the phosphine was then mixed thoroughly with a fan itted with magnets and controlled by an external motor placed on the horizontal glass door. After mixing, the chambers were transferred to a temperature-controlled shipping container for the duration of the run. Concentrations in the chambers were monitored twice daily for the duration of the run. | 583 | summary | 0.970 | https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/pdf/tech_bulletin/Fumigation%20of%20Apple%20for%20coding%20moth.pdf | Residual vacuum was then released by opening then closing a shut-off valve, and the phosphine was then mixed thoroughly with a fan itted with magnets and controlled by an external motor placed on the horizontal glass door. |