360 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Copyright © 2012 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 113 of the 360 pairs (31.4%) are explanatory questions and 247 restate a figure. 95.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("weed-identification-question-and-answer-dataset")
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Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 360 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the description of each fruit found in clusters in the leaf axils? | an oblong, flattened, recurved pod about 8-20 mm long and 2-6 mm wide containing 1-5 seeds | Fruits are borne in clusters in the leaf axils. Each fruit is an oblong, flattened, recurved pod about 8-20 mm long and 2-6 mm wide containing 1-5 seeds. The pod is pointed at the apex, glabrous, edged with bristles and breaks into one-seeded segments which fall away from unbroken marginal sutures when mature. | 62 | definition | 1.000 | Each fruit is an oblong, flattened, recurved pod about 8-20 mm long and 2-6 mm wide containing 1-5 seeds. | 260 | page=260,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the description of the seed head? | a cylindrical bristly panicle, reaching 6 inches in length and 1/3-2/3 inch in width | Auricles are absent and the ligule is a fringe of hairs reaching 2 mm in length. The seed head is a cylindrical bristly panicle, reaching 6 inches in length and 1/3-2/3 inch in width. Spikelets are approximately 3 mm long, green, and each spikelet has 1-3 bristles that are 5-10 mm long. | 98 | definition | 1.000 | The seed head is a cylindrical bristly panicle, reaching 6 inches in length and 1/3-2/3 inch in width. | 314 | page=314,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does the term 'Adaxial' mean in botany? | Aowards the axis, referring to the surface of an organ that is closest to the axis in bud. | Aculeate : Covered in prickles. Acuminate : Tapering gradually to a protracted point. Acute : Sharp or pointed. Adaxial : Aowards the axis, referring to the surface of an organ that is closest to the axis in bud. Annular : Arranged in or forming a ring. Apiculate : A short sharp point, not rigid, found at the tip. Ascending : Arched upwards in the lower part and becoming erect in the upper part. Attenuate : Tapering gradually. Auricle : An ear shaped appendage at the base of a leaf, leaflet or corolla lobe; or an ear-like outgrowth at the base of the sheath of some grasses and other monocots. Awn : A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses. Axil : The angle between one part of a plant and another part, e.g. a branch and a leaf. Beak : A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit. | 122 | definition | 1.000 | Adaxial : Aowards the axis, referring to the surface of an organ that is closest to the axis in bud. Annular : Arranged in or forming a ring. | 23 | page=23,block=2 | 0.700 | |
| What does the term 'Annular' signify in botany? | Arranged in or forming a ring. | Aculeate : Covered in prickles. Acuminate : Tapering gradually to a protracted point. Acute : Sharp or pointed. Adaxial : Aowards the axis, referring to the surface of an organ that is closest to the axis in bud. Annular : Arranged in or forming a ring. Apiculate : A short sharp point, not rigid, found at the tip. Ascending : Arched upwards in the lower part and becoming erect in the upper part. Attenuate : Tapering gradually. Auricle : An ear shaped appendage at the base of a leaf, leaflet or corolla lobe; or an ear-like outgrowth at the base of the sheath of some grasses and other monocots. Awn : A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses. Axil : The angle between one part of a plant and another part, e.g. a branch and a leaf. Beak : A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit. | 223 | definition | 1.000 | Annular : Arranged in or forming a ring. Apiculate : A short sharp point, not rigid, found at the tip. | 23 | page=23,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is an 'Awn' in the context of grasses? | A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses. | Aculeate : Covered in prickles. Acuminate : Tapering gradually to a protracted point. Acute : Sharp or pointed. Adaxial : Aowards the axis, referring to the surface of an organ that is closest to the axis in bud. Annular : Arranged in or forming a ring. Apiculate : A short sharp point, not rigid, found at the tip. Ascending : Arched upwards in the lower part and becoming erect in the upper part. Attenuate : Tapering gradually. Auricle : An ear shaped appendage at the base of a leaf, leaflet or corolla lobe; or an ear-like outgrowth at the base of the sheath of some grasses and other monocots. Awn : A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses. Axil : The angle between one part of a plant and another part, e.g. a branch and a leaf. Beak : A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit. | 606 | definition | 1.000 | Awn : A slender, bristle-like projection, e.g. from the back or tip of the glumes and lemmas in some grasses. Axil : The angle between one part of a plant and another part, e.g. | 23 | page=23,block=2 | ||
| What does 'Biennial' refer to in plant life cycles? | Completing the full cycle of germination to fruiting in more than one, but not more than two years, and then dying. | Berry : A fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seed(s) embedded in the fleshy tissue of the pericarp. Biconvex : Convex on both sides. Biennial : Completing the full cycle of germination to fruiting in more than one, but not more than two years, and then dying. Blade : Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath or petiole. Bract : A leaf-like structure, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, associated with an inflorescence or flower. Bracteole : A small bract-like structure borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or calyx of a flower. Broadly : Having a length:breadth ratio between 6:5 and 1:1; if the ratio is less then the shape is described as very broadly. Caducous : Falling early before associated organs are mature. Caespitose : Growing densely in tufts; having short, closely packed stems. Calcareous : Composed of or containing lime or limestone. | 152 | definition | 1.000 | Biennial : Completing the full cycle of germination to fruiting in more than one, but not more than two years, and then dying. Blade : Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath or petiole. | 23 | |||
| What is the meaning of 'crisped' in botanical terms? | Very strongly undulate; margins which are wavy in a vertical plane, the waves themselves with secondary waves. | Crenate : With obtuse or rounded teeth which either point forwards or are perpendicular to the margin. Crenulate : Minutely crenate. Crisped : Very strongly undulate; margins which are wavy in a vertical plane, the waves themselves with secondary waves. Crustaceous : Hard, thin and brittle. Culm : The aerial stem of grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots, bearing the cauline leaves and the inflorescence. Cuneate : A 2-dimensional shape; obtriangular, i.e. wedge shaped. Cuspidate : Somewhat abruptly and sharply concave and constricted into a cusp. Cuspidulate : Constricted into a minute cusp. Cylindric : A 3-dimensional shape; tubular or rod shaped with a length:breadth ratio of 2:1 to 3:2. Cyme : An inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing axis, further flowers being formed on branches arising below. | 143 | definition | 1.000 | Crisped : Very strongly undulate; margins which are wavy in a vertical plane, the waves themselves with secondary waves. Crustaceous : Hard, thin and brittle. | 24 | page=24,block=0 | 0.700 | |
| What does 'decumbent' describe in relation to stems? | Spreading horizontally with the apex growing upwards, referring to stems. | Decumbent : Spreading horizontally with the apex growing upwards, referring to stems. Decussate : Having paired organs with successive pairs at right angles to give four rows. Dehiscent : Breaking open at maturity to release the contents. Dentate : With sharp, spreading, rather coarse teeth standing out from the margin. | 12 | definition | 1.000 | Decumbent : Spreading horizontally with the apex growing upwards, referring to stems. Decussate : Having paired organs with successive pairs at right angles to give four rows. | 24 | page=24,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the term 'involute' mean when describing a leaf or flat organ? | With the margins inrolled on the upper (adaxial) surface | Indumentum : The type of hairiness commonly found on external parts of plants. Involucre : A large bract or whorl of bracts surrounding a flower or an entire inflorescence. Involute : With the margins inrolled on the upper (adaxial) surface, referring to a leaf or other flat organ. Lactiferous : Forming or conveying milk or milky fluid. Lanate : Covered with long hairs which are loosely curled together like wool. Lanceolate : Lance shaped, much longer than wide, the widest point below the middle. Leaflet : One of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf. Ligule : Outgrowth from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath and blade, often membranous, sometimes represented by a fringe of hairs. Linear : A 2-dimensional shape: narrowly rectangular with parallel sides and a length:breadth ratio of at least 12:1. | 184 | definition | 1.000 | Involute : With the margins inrolled on the upper (adaxial) surface, referring to a leaf or other flat organ. | 26 | page=26,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the meaning of 'lactiferous' in botanical terms? | Forming or conveying milk or milky fluid | Indumentum : The type of hairiness commonly found on external parts of plants. Involucre : A large bract or whorl of bracts surrounding a flower or an entire inflorescence. Involute : With the margins inrolled on the upper (adaxial) surface, referring to a leaf or other flat organ. Lactiferous : Forming or conveying milk or milky fluid. Lanate : Covered with long hairs which are loosely curled together like wool. Lanceolate : Lance shaped, much longer than wide, the widest point below the middle. Leaflet : One of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf. Ligule : Outgrowth from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath and blade, often membranous, sometimes represented by a fringe of hairs. Linear : A 2-dimensional shape: narrowly rectangular with parallel sides and a length:breadth ratio of at least 12:1. | 297 | definition | 1.000 | Lactiferous : Forming or conveying milk or milky fluid. | 26 | page=26,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| valid |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=23,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| valid |