56 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from the source document, published by icmr.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 25 of the 56 pairs (44.6%) are explanatory questions and 31 restate a figure. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 56 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the purpose of Thermal-ablation (Cold coagulation) Thermal ablation? | a safe and acceptable procedure used as an alternative to cryotherapy for treatment of VIA positive lesions | Thermal-ablation (Cold coagulation) Thermal ablation is a safe and acceptable procedure used as an alternative to cryotherapy for treatment of VIA positive lesions. | 56 | definition | 1.000 | Thermal-ablation (Cold coagulation) Thermal ablation is a safe and acceptable procedure used as an alternative to cryotherapy for treatment of VIA positive lesions. | 24 | page=24,ocr=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What test is used for cervical cancer screening in the operational guidelines? | Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) | ABOUT THIS MANUAL Government of India is undertaking a population-based cancer screening of three common cancers in the country; oral, breast and cervical cancer. According to the operational guidelines, cervical cancer screening will be done using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) by ANMs and staff nurses at the Primary Health Centre (PHC) level. This manual is intended mainly for ANMs and staff nurses working at PHCs. It covers VIA test in detail, the interpretation of the test with pictorial representation of each condition. This manual also gives information on the ablative treatment modalities like cryotherapy and thermal ablation that can be used in “Screen and Treat Approach” which is the recommended management strategy for eligible screen test positive individuals in a single visit. | 249 | definition | 1.000 | According to the operational guidelines, cervical cancer screening will be done using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) by ANMs and staff nurses at the Primary Health Centre (PHC) level. | 5 | page=5,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the term squamous metaplasia describe in the cervix? | the physiological replacement of the everted columnar epithelium on the ectocervix by a newly formed squamous epithelium | The location of squamocolumnar junction in relation to the external os varies depending upon age, menstrual status, and other factors such as pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. Squamous metaplasia in the cervix refers to the physiological replacement of the everted columnar epithelium on the ectocervix by a newly formed squamous epithelium from the sub-columnar reserve cells. | 224 | definition | 1.000 | Squamous metaplasia in the cervix refers to the physiological replacement of the everted columnar epithelium on the ectocervix by a newly formed squamous epithelium from the sub-columnar reserve cells. | 10 | page=10,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the purpose of cryotherapy in treating VIA positive lesions? | the freezing of the abnormal areas of the cervix by the application of a very cold probe | Cryotherapy for the treatment of VIA positive lesions Cryotherapy is the freezing of the abnormal areas of the cervix by the application of a very cold probe. It takes only a few minutes and has no major side effects. The compressed gas like nitrous oxide (N20) or carbon dioxide is delivered on to the surface of ectocervix through specially designed probes known as cryoprobes. | 69 | definition | 1.000 | Cryotherapy for the treatment of VIA positive lesions Cryotherapy is the freezing of the abnormal areas of the cervix by the application of a very cold probe. | 22 | page=22,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is reported as a VIA negative test result? | No acetowhite lesions are observed on the cervix | (in that case, we cannot consider her for ablative therapy) Does it occupy the entire, or part of, the transformation zone? Size (extent or dimensions) and number of the lesions. Reporting the outcome of VIA test VIA negative VIA screening test is reported as negative in the case of any of the following observations: No acetowhite lesions are observed on the cervix. "Polyps protrude from the cervix with bluish-white acetowhite areas (Fig 1.5) Nabothian cysts appear as raised areas which are button-like (Fig 1.6) Shiny, pinkish-white, cloudy-white, bluish-white, faint patchy or doubtful lesions with ill-defined, indefinite margins, blending with the rest of the cervix Streak-like acetowhitening is visible in the columnar epithelium. | 319 | definition | 1.000 | Reporting the outcome of VIA test VIA negative VIA screening test is reported as negative in the case of any of the following observations: No acetowhite lesions are observed on the cervix. | 14 | page=14,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is Colposcopy? | a procedure that involves examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva with the help of Colposcope | Colposcopy Colposcope is an instrument that uses a light and a low-powered microscope to make the cervix appear much larger and has a powerful light source for illumination of the area to be examined and a variable magnification ranging from 4 times to 25 times. Colposcopy is a procedure that involves examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva with the help of Colposcope. Colposcopy helps in differentiating between normal, benign and cancerous lesions of cervix, directing biopsy from the suspicious area on the cervix and in taking treatment decisions. | 277 | definition | 0.980 | Colposcopy is a procedure that involves examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva with the help of Colposcope. | 26 | page=26,ocr=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the risk of reporting the VIA test results too early? | may miss lesions that appear late | The secretions should be gently wiped off. The swabs after use should be disposed of in the waste bucket. After removing the swab, carefully look at the cervix and check for any white lesions, particularly in the transformation zone close to the squamocolumnar junction, or dense, non- removable acetowhite areas in the columnar epithelium. The results of VIA test should be reported after one minute (Reporting before one minute may miss lesions that appear late). Note how rapidly the acetowhite lesion appears and then disappears. | 430 | relationship | 0.970 | The results of VIA test should be reported after one minute (Reporting before one minute may miss lesions that appear late). | 13 | page=13,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What causes dot-like areas to appear in the endocervix during the procedure? | grapelike columnar epithelium staining with acetic acid | Dot-like areas are present in the endocervix, which are due to grapelike columnar epithelium staining with acetic acid. (Fig 1.12) Faint line-like or ill-defined acetowhitening is seen at the squamocolumnar junction (Fig 1.13). After the procedure, document the interpreted results in the standard format (Annexure- Images for VIA test negative Fig 1.11: Ectopy Fig 1.12: Squamous Fig. 1.13: Strawberry Metaplasia cervixsuggestive of trichomonas vaginalis infection Fig 1.14: Satellite lesion Fig 1.15: Columnar Fig. 1.16:Faint acetowhitening epithelium seen at the squamocolumnar Staining with acetic acid junction | 63 | relationship | 0.970 | Dot-like areas are present in the endocervix, which are due to grapelike columnar epithelium staining with acetic acid. | 15 | page=15,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What happens if acetic acid is not freshly prepared every day? | the potency will be reduced and the lesions may be missed | Storage: Unused acetic acid should be discarded at the end of the day. Only freshly prepared acetic acid is to be used every day. If not, the potency will be reduced and the lesions may be missed. Note: It is important to remember to dilute the glacial acetic acid, since the undiluted strength causes a severe chemical burn if applied to the epithelium. | 138 | relationship | 0.970 | If not, the potency will be reduced and the lesions may be missed. | 12 | page=12,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What occurs to cells when acetic acid is applied during the VIA test? | Dehydration of cells and coagulation of cellular protein | Application of acetic acid Dehydration of cells and coagulation of cellular protein Higher concentration of proteins (increase nuclear protein and chromatin material in dysplastic cells) Light reflected back to observer Area looks white in color Fig: 1.1: Principle of VIA Test | 27 | summary | 0.970 | Application of acetic acid Dehydration of cells and coagulation of cellular protein Higher concentration of proteins (increase nuclear protein and chromatin material in dysplastic cells) Light reflected back to observer Area looks white in color Fig: 1.1: Principle of VIA Test | 9 | page=9,ocr=1 | 0.700 | valid |
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