93 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Multidimensional Poverty in India Since 2005-06, published by niti.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 32 of the 93 pairs (34.4%) are explanatory questions and 61 restate a figure. 98.92% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("multidimensional-poverty-in-india-since-2005-06-question-and-answer-dataset")
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Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 93 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What does development involve in addition to economic progress? | the process of expanding people’s capabilities to convert resources into valuable outcomes | Introduction Traditionally, poverty has been measured by assessing monetary resources available for an individual or household. The monetary metric generally used were household income or consumption expenditure. this approach of measuring poverty has been criticized for not capturing the multiple deprivations which may be faced by individuals in their lives. Development not only constitutes economic progress, but also the process of expanding people’s capabilities to convert resources into valuable outcomes. The conventional measures of monetary poverty also suffer from several other limitations like: 1. Income, while necessary, is not a sufficient condition to ensure the overall well-being of individuals, as, income in some cases is spent on items which do not involve the welfare of the household. 2. | 423 | definition | 1.000 | Development not only constitutes economic progress, but also the process of expanding people’s capabilities to convert resources into valuable outcomes. | 2 | page=2,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the MPI measure at the individual level? | poverty at the individual level | The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The MPI is computed by multiplying the incidence of multidimensional poverty (H) and the intensity of poverty (A), denoted as MPI = H x A. Incidence (H) shows the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor, and Intensity (A) shows the percentage of weighted deprivations the average multidimensionally poor person suffers from. The MPI value for a given population, therefore, is the share of weighted deprivations faced by multidimensionally poor individuals divided by the total population. Hence the MPI is known as the adjusted headcount ratio. MPI includes both the share of people in multidimensional poverty and the extent to which they are deprived. | 17 | definition | 1.000 | The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. | 2 | page=2,block=11 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the incidence of multidimensional poverty represent? | the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor | The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The MPI is computed by multiplying the incidence of multidimensional poverty (H) and the intensity of poverty (A), denoted as MPI = H x A. Incidence (H) shows the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor, and Intensity (A) shows the percentage of weighted deprivations the average multidimensionally poor person suffers from. The MPI value for a given population, therefore, is the share of weighted deprivations faced by multidimensionally poor individuals divided by the total population. Hence the MPI is known as the adjusted headcount ratio. MPI includes both the share of people in multidimensional poverty and the extent to which they are deprived. | 328 | definition | 1.000 | Incidence (H) shows the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor, and Intensity (A) shows the percentage of weighted deprivations the average multidimensionally poor person suffers from. | 2 | page=2,block=11 | 0.700 | |
| What components are included in the MPI value? | headcount ratio and extent of deprivation | MPI value, which subsumes headcount ratio and extent of deprivation, witnessed reduction (improvement) from 0.304 to 0.117 in about 10 years after 2005-06. MPI reached 0.066 in the next 4.5 years to 2019-21. It is interesting to find out whether the pace of decline in headcount poverty ratio, its severity and extent of multidimensional poverty (MPI) accelerated or decelerated over time. These changes can be ascertained from the annual rate of decline in the three types of estimates presented in Table 2. | 26 | definition | 1.000 | MPI value, which subsumes headcount ratio and extent of deprivation, witnessed reduction (improvement) from 0.304 to 0.117 in about 10 years after 2005-06. | 3 | page=3,block=9 | 0.700 | valid |
| What can be better understood by analyzing poverty and deprivation estimates from 2013-14 and 2022-23? | the impact of various initiatives launched during the previous decade on poverty and deprivation | Following closely, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh demonstrated the next largest reductions in the headcount ratio. In terms of the number of MPI-poor individuals, Uttar Pradesh topped the list with 3.43 crore people escaping multidimensional poverty over the past five years, followed by Bihar (2.25 crore) and Madhya Pradesh (1.36 crore). Computing MPI for 2013-14 and 2022-23 A better understanding of the impact of various initiatives launched during the previous decade on poverty and deprivation can be obtained by comparing the estimates of poverty and deprivation in year 2013-14 with year 2022-23 even though the actual estimates for 2015-16 and 2019- 21 clearly point to acceleration in rate of reduction in MPI after 2015-16 compared to 2005-06 to 2015-16. This requires interpolation of estimates for the year 2013-14 and extrapolation for the year 2022-23. | 406 | definition | 1.000 | Computing MPI for 2013-14 and 2022-23 A better understanding of the impact of various initiatives launched during the previous decade on poverty and deprivation can be obtained by comparing the estimates of poverty and deprivation in year 2013-14 with year 2022-23 even though the actual estimates for 2015-16 and 2019- 21 clearly point to acceleration in rate of reduction in MPI after 2015-16 compared to 2005-06 to 2015-16. | ||||
| What does the assumption for calculating the 2022-23 multidimensional poverty index involve? | a trajectory characterized by the same rate of decline rather than using a linear trend | 2013-14 figure was computed from the 2005-06 estimate using annual compound rate of 7.69% reduction (Table 2). 2022-23 estimate was projected by applying compound rate of reduction achieved during 2015-16 to 2019-21. This method involves a lower percentage points reduction in poverty each year which is consistent with experience of the real world. This assumption entails a trajectory characterized by the same rate of decline rather than using a linear trend. | 374 | definition | 1.000 | This assumption entails a trajectory characterized by the same rate of decline rather than using a linear trend. | 4 | page=4,block=5 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why can consumption expenditure fail to reflect a household's actual income? | when borrowed funds contribute to consumption | Due to unavailability of income estimates, monetary poverty measures often rely on consumption expenditure. This may not accurately represent the household’s income, especially when borrowed funds contribute to consumption. In such cases expenditure may surpass or fall short of the actual income depending on borrowing and lending/ saving behavior of household. 3. Household welfare depends not only on its own spending but also on state expenditures for people’s well-being. Monetary poverty measurements overlook the effect of state interventions like subsidized food grains, shelter, sanitation, free education and health, and nutritional support. the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is considered as a more direct and comprehensive measure of people’s deprivation and poverty. | 177 | relationship | 0.970 | This may not accurately represent the household’s income, especially when borrowed funds contribute to consumption. | 2 | page=2,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why is the Multidimensional Poverty Index known as the adjusted headcount ratio? | the share of weighted deprivations faced by multidimensionally poor individuals divided by the total population | The MPI assesses poverty at the individual level. If a person is deprived in a third or more of ten (weighted) indicators, the global MPI identifies them as ‘MPI poor’. The MPI is computed by multiplying the incidence of multidimensional poverty (H) and the intensity of poverty (A), denoted as MPI = H x A. Incidence (H) shows the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor, and Intensity (A) shows the percentage of weighted deprivations the average multidimensionally poor person suffers from. The MPI value for a given population, therefore, is the share of weighted deprivations faced by multidimensionally poor individuals divided by the total population. Hence the MPI is known as the adjusted headcount ratio. MPI includes both the share of people in multidimensional poverty and the extent to which they are deprived. | 559 | relationship | 0.970 | The MPI value for a given population, therefore, is the share of weighted deprivations faced by multidimensionally poor individuals divided by the total population. | 2 | page=2,block=11 | ||
| What Sustainable Development Goal target does the progress in MPI align with? | target 1.2 of Sustainable Development Goal | NFHS Year Headcount Ratio (H) Intensity (A) MPI = H*A 2015-16 to 2019-21 -10.66 -1.33 -11.95 2005-06 to 2015-16 -7.69 -1.52 -9. Note: Assuming 10 years between 2005-06 and 2015-16 and 4.5 years between 2015-16 and 2019-21 The progress in MPI demonstrates India’s dedication to achieving the target 1.2 of Sustainable Development Goal to reduce the proportion of men, women and children in all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions at least to half by 2030. The recently released report ‘National Multidimensional poverty: A Progress Review -2023’ by NITI Aayog, based on the data of NFHS 4 and 5, shows that 13.5 crore people have escaped poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. Poverty in rural India fell from 32.59% to 19.28% while in urban areas it declined from 8.65% to 5.27%. rural population witnessed a larger decline in poverty as compared to urban population. 1. | 291 | relationship | 0.970 | Note: Assuming 10 years between 2005-06 and 2015-16 and 4.5 years between 2015-16 and 2019-21 The progress in MPI demonstrates India’s dedication to achieving the target 1.2 of Sustainable Development Goal to reduce the proportion of men, women and children in all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions at least to half by 2030. | ||||
| What is the main criticism of using a monetary approach to measure poverty? | not capturing the multiple deprivations which may be faced by individuals in their lives | Introduction Traditionally, poverty has been measured by assessing monetary resources available for an individual or household. The monetary metric generally used were household income or consumption expenditure. this approach of measuring poverty has been criticized for not capturing the multiple deprivations which may be faced by individuals in their lives. Development not only constitutes economic progress, but also the process of expanding people’s capabilities to convert resources into valuable outcomes. The conventional measures of monetary poverty also suffer from several other limitations like: 1. Income, while necessary, is not a sufficient condition to ensure the overall well-being of individuals, as, income in some cases is spent on items which do not involve the welfare of the household. 2. | 272 | summary | 0.970 | this approach of measuring poverty has been criticized for not capturing the multiple deprivations which may be faced by individuals in their lives. | 2 | page=2,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
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