| What are some important signals related to animal housing and comfort? | a few important signals on housing that directly correlates with the comfort of the animal | There are a few important signals on housing that directly correlates with the comfort of the animal. Description What to know Significance Location of the shed yy Should be on elevated land to allow proper drainage yy Water – logging and dampness avoided in and around the shed yy Reduction in vector population due to dryness Shed orientation yy East- west orientation most beneficial in regions with average temperature is 30oC or more for up to 5 hours per day yy The feed and water troughs will always be under shade which will allow animals to eat and drink in the shade Shed walls yy Walls should allow natural air flow. | 10 | definition | 1.000 | There are a few important signals on housing that directly correlates with the comfort of the animal. | 23 | page=23,block=9 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does vocalization during stress and pain signify in animals? | the psychological status, disease condition and the pain source | S.no Pointers Relevance 1 Health Indicates feeding and management practices 2 Physiology Indicates general health, feeding practices, diseases, metabolic conditions, heat /cold stress, changes in routine, deficiencies, housing , insect menace etc. 3 Body condition Indicates general health corresponding to stage of lactation, feeding practices, probability of occurrence of metabolic diseases or reproductive conditions post calving etc. 4 Calving Helps identify abnormal signs that require immediate attention 5 New born Helps identify abnormal signals that require special attention 6 Feet & locomotion Indicates feeding, hoof management, flooring, housing etc. 7 Rumen fill Indicates ailments, inadequate feeding etc. 8 Feeding and manure Indicates imbalance in ration formulation, metabolic diseases etc. 9 Hygiene Indicates cleanliness in the shed 10 Teat end Indicates milking practices 11 Heat stress Indicates level of stress due to heat 12 Housing Indicates housing management in relation to flooring, ventilation, space requirement, proper placement of mangers and railings, effluent disposal, insect menace etc. 13 Vocalizations in stress and pain Indicates the psychological status, disease condition and the pain source | 1170 | definition |
| How can a healthy animal's muzzle be described? | Cool & moist with frequent licking | A healthy animal communicates its wellness through health indicators which can be easily discerned by the farmer. The muzzle of the animal should always be cool and moist. A brief description of the health pointers are given below: Description Health pointers Muzzle Cool & moist with frequent licking Eyes Bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot Breathing Should be regular and not laboured Coat Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. | 267 | definition | 1.000 | A brief description of the health pointers are given below: Description Health pointers Muzzle Cool & moist with frequent licking Eyes Bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot Breathing Should be regular and not laboured Coat Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. |
| What does a ruffled coat suggest about an animal's health? | an indication of worm infestation | A healthy animal communicates its wellness through health indicators which can be easily discerned by the farmer. The muzzle of the animal should always be cool and moist. A brief description of the health pointers are given below: Description Health pointers Muzzle Cool & moist with frequent licking Eyes Bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot Breathing Should be regular and not laboured Coat Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. | 577 | definition | 1.000 | Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. |
| What type of movement should a healthy animal display while walking? | easy and free of limps | A healthy animal communicates its wellness through health indicators which can be easily discerned by the farmer. The muzzle of the animal should always be cool and moist. A brief description of the health pointers are given below: Description Health pointers Muzzle Cool & moist with frequent licking Eyes Bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot Breathing Should be regular and not laboured Coat Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. | 710 | definition | 1.000 | Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. |
| What does a lame cow's gait look like? | may either under-reach or over-reach | An animal in normal gait will place the hindlimbs where the forelimbs were while walking; a lame cow may either under-reach or over-reach Udder Size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good udder. It should sit forward with prominent milk veins, not sag and not be too meaty. The udder should not show too much sideways movement when the animal walks Behaviour Curious, alert and contented; animals should not stand apart from the herd, seem disinterested or show signs of a bad temper Body score It is an important indicator of the health of the animal. | 101 | definition | 1.000 | An animal in normal gait will place the hindlimbs where the forelimbs were while walking; a lame cow may either under-reach or over-reach Udder Size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good udder. | 8 | page=8,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does a body score represent in animals? | an important indicator of the health of the animal | An animal in normal gait will place the hindlimbs where the forelimbs were while walking; a lame cow may either under-reach or over-reach Udder Size isn’t necessarily an indicator of a good udder. It should sit forward with prominent milk veins, not sag and not be too meaty. The udder should not show too much sideways movement when the animal walks Behaviour Curious, alert and contented; animals should not stand apart from the herd, seem disinterested or show signs of a bad temper Body score It is an important indicator of the health of the animal. | 503 | definition | 1.000 | The udder should not show too much sideways movement when the animal walks Behaviour Curious, alert and contented; animals should not stand apart from the herd, seem disinterested or show signs of a bad temper Body score It is an important indicator of the health of the animal. | 8 | page=8,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does a hygiene score of 1 signify? | There should be no dirt present or only minor fresh or dried splashing present on lower hind leg, tail and udder | Quantifying the hygiene and teat health would provide information on the levels of cleanliness in the cattle shed and the milking practices followed. What to know What is abnormal Probable reasons yy Hygiene score should be 1: There should be no dirt present or only minor fresh or dried splashing present on lower hind leg, tail and udder (see hygiene score) yy Dried dirt found on tail, lower hind leg and udder yy Lack of adequate space yy Improper shed cleaning yy Improper manure consistency yy Teat score should be 1: Teat end should be smooth with no calluses (see teat score) yy High teat scores yy Improper milking practices. yy Improper use of milking machines yy Cracks on teat skin yy Dryness A hygiene score of 1 Teat score1: Smooth teat end | 227 | definition | 1.000 | What to know What is abnormal Probable reasons yy Hygiene score should be 1: There should be no dirt present or only minor fresh or dried splashing present on lower hind leg, tail and udder (see hygiene score) yy Dried dirt found on tail, lower hind leg and udder yy Lack of adequate space yy Improper shed cleaning yy Improper manure consistency yy Teat score should be 1: Teat end should be smooth with no calluses (see teat score) yy High teat scores yy Improper milking practices. |
| What can calving help detect in animals? | abnormal signs that require immediate attention | S.no Pointers Relevance 1 Health Indicates feeding and management practices 2 Physiology Indicates general health, feeding practices, diseases, metabolic conditions, heat /cold stress, changes in routine, deficiencies, housing , insect menace etc. 3 Body condition Indicates general health corresponding to stage of lactation, feeding practices, probability of occurrence of metabolic diseases or reproductive conditions post calving etc. 4 Calving Helps identify abnormal signs that require immediate attention 5 New born Helps identify abnormal signals that require special attention 6 Feet & locomotion Indicates feeding, hoof management, flooring, housing etc. 7 Rumen fill Indicates ailments, inadequate feeding etc. 8 Feeding and manure Indicates imbalance in ration formulation, metabolic diseases etc. 9 Hygiene Indicates cleanliness in the shed 10 Teat end Indicates milking practices 11 Heat stress Indicates level of stress due to heat 12 Housing Indicates housing management in relation to flooring, ventilation, space requirement, proper placement of mangers and railings, effluent disposal, insect menace etc. 13 Vocalizations in stress and pain Indicates the psychological status, disease condition and the pain source | 464 | definition | 0.980 |
| What can coat discoloration indicate in animals? | an indication of mineral deficiency | A healthy animal communicates its wellness through health indicators which can be easily discerned by the farmer. The muzzle of the animal should always be cool and moist. A brief description of the health pointers are given below: Description Health pointers Muzzle Cool & moist with frequent licking Eyes Bright, clear and not runny (no discharge), crusty or bloodshot Breathing Should be regular and not laboured Coat Glossy, clean and un-matted, free of ticks/lice, other parasites or eruptions. Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. | 523 | definition | 0.980 | Coat discolouration is an indication of mineral deficiency ; ruffled coat is an indication of worm infestation Appearance Average weight of the breed; should not be emaciated or thin Movement Walking should be easy and free of limps; should not have slow or uneven gait or hunched positions while sitting; the animal should be able to rise from seated positions with ease. |