96 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from 1. Introduction, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 66 of the 96 pairs (68.8%) are explanatory questions and 30 restate a figure. 98.96% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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First 10 of 96 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What are the prominent district areas in the Upper Bhima catchment? | three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur | The Upper Bhima catchment frequently suffers from droughts and water scarcity. There are three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur. Each district is divided into sub-district areas with low population density (below 200 people per sq. | 89 | definition | 1.000 | There are three prominent district areas, namely Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur. | 2 | page=2,block=4 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the general definition of a drought? | an extended period of months or years, in which precipitation is less than the annual average, resulting in water scarcity | regions of the world [5]. Although specific definitions of drought may vary by sector and region, it is basically an extended period of months or years, in which precipitation is less than the annual average, resulting in water scarcity. Generally droughts are classified as either a meteorological drought (lack of precipitation over a region for a period of time), hydrological drought (a period with inadequate surface and sub-surface water resources), agricultural drought (a period with declining soil moisture and con- sequent crop failure due to lack of surface water resources) or socio-economic drought (failure of water resources systems to meet water demands, which impacts human activities both directly and indirectly) [1,5–7]. | 114 | definition | 1.000 | Although specific definitions of drought may vary by sector and region, it is basically an extended period of months or years, in which precipitation is less than the annual average, resulting in water scarcity. | 2 | page=2,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| How does the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan characterize drought? | drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue | Also, according to the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan [85], drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue; improvement in the management of these relief measures is necessary to mitigate the drought impacts on farming community. | 82 | definition | 1.000 | Also, according to the Indian Agriculture Ministry's crisis management plan [85], drought is not a disaster, it is a management issue; improvement in the management of these relief measures is necessary to mitigate the drought impacts on farming community. | 14 | page=14,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the classification of a severe drought according to the IMD? | rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average | population on groundwater resources. More than half of irrigation water comes from groundwater [28]. The groundwater in the region acts as a buffer for long-term rainfall and surface water shortage, however, the average residence time of the shallow, accessible groundwater in the sub-catchment is less than four years [31]. prolonged droughts (i.e., greater than two years duration) or consecutive years of reduced monsoon rainfall can severely threaten the livelihoods of farmers in the Upper Bhima catchment. The IMD has classified drought as moderate drought when rainfall deficiency is 25–50% and severe drought when rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average (i.e., rainfall less than 50% of the climato- logical normal). | 622 | definition | 1.000 | The IMD has classified drought as moderate drought when rainfall deficiency is 25–50% and severe drought when rainfall deficiency is more than 50% of long term annual average (i.e., rainfall less than 50% of the climato- logical normal). | 3 | page=3,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is questionnaire survey? | one of the effective instru- ments of data collection | The questionnaire survey is one of the effective instru- ments of data collection. Face-to-face interviews, tele- phone interviews, mail questionnaires, and internet questionnaire are various modes of questionnaire survey. | 28 | definition | 0.980 | The questionnaire survey is one of the effective instru- ments of data collection. | 4 | page=4,block=4 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is individual farming household? | considered as a primary sampling unit | In order to fulfill the objectives of the study and to capture the scenario of recent drought 2012, a structured questionnaire survey was conducted in the Upper Bhima catchment during May 2013 (Appendix A). An individual farming household is considered as a primary sampling unit. A multi-stage stratified systematic sampling techni- que was used to select samples from the target population (villages as a penultimate unit (cluster) and household as final unit) [40]. | 242 | definition | 0.980 | An individual farming household is considered as a primary sampling unit. | 4 | page=4,block=9 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is Drought? | a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State | Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State. Recently Maharashtra State has experienced a drought of moderate severity which commenced in 2011 and continued, expanded and further deteriorated into 2012. | 11 | definition | 0.980 | Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Maharashtra State. | 14 | page=14,block=3 | 0.850 | valid |
| How did most farmers describe drought? | less or no rain over the season resulting in water scarcity for various uses mainly for drinking and agriculture | Farmers were asked in their local languages about their perception of drought and its impacts on their socio- economic activities. Drought has different meaning to respondents based on their physical environment, type and degree of involvement in agricultural activities, and level of impact on their financial well being [53,40]. Various responses emerged for the open ended question: “What does drought mean to you?” Farmers defined drought as less or no rain over the season resulting in water scarcity for various uses mainly for drinking and agriculture (87.0%), lack of water and fodder for livestock (45.7%), poor cereals and food grain production (18.4%), food scarcity (17.5%), and less agricultural employment (13.9%). Besides this, few farmers have also perceived drought as increased atmospheric temperature, financial weakness, increased commodity prices and no electricity supply. | 446 | definition | 0.980 | Various responses emerged for the open ended question: “What does drought mean to you?” Farmers defined drought as less or no rain over the season resulting in water scarcity for various uses mainly for drinking and agriculture (87.0%), lack of water and fodder for livestock (45.7%), poor cereals and food grain production (18.4%), food scarcity (17.5%), and less agricultural employment (13.9%). | ||||
| Why is Drought a creeping phenomenon, difficult to understand and define? | differences in hydro- meteorological variables and socio-economic factors along with the stochastic nature of water demand in various Contents lists available at ScienceDirect | Among all the natural hazards, drought ranks first in terms of the number of people directly affected [3–5]. Drought is a creeping phenomenon, difficult to understand and define due to differences in hydro- meteorological variables and socio-economic factors along with the stochastic nature of water demand in various Contents lists available at ScienceDirect | 185 | relationship | 0.970 | Drought is a creeping phenomenon, difficult to understand and define due to differences in hydro- meteorological variables and socio-economic factors along with the stochastic nature of water demand in various Contents lists available at ScienceDirect | 1 | page=1,block=10 | 0.800 | valid |
| Why is Almost every year, a large portion of the Upper Bhima catchment often subjected to water stress conditions? | erratic nature of monsoon [30] | The hottest season (April and May) is called summer. Almost every year, a large portion of the Upper Bhima catchment is often subjected to water stress conditions due to erratic nature of monsoon [30]. It has resulted in heavy dependence of P. | 170 | relationship | 0.970 | Almost every year, a large portion of the Upper Bhima catchment is often subjected to water stress conditions due to erratic nature of monsoon [30]. | 2 | page=2,block=4 | 0.800 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 7 |
| page=7,block=1 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |