970 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from ICMR Guidelines for Management of Type 1 Diabetes, published by icmr.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 609 of the 970 pairs (62.8%) are explanatory questions and 361 restate a figure. 96.70% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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Strong coverage with minor gaps in documentation or freshness.
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First 10 of 970 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the purpose of a bedtime snack in the regimen for preventing nocturnal hypoglycemia? | considered an essential part of the regimen to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia and should include at least 7-8 g of protein | Each meal should be taken at a particular time during the day with no significant and frequent deviations. A bedtime snack is considered an essential part of the regimen to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia and should include at least 7-8 g of protein. Most of the T1DM patients will have absolute insulin deficiency. | 126 | definition | 1.000 | A bedtime snack is considered an essential part of the regimen to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia and should include at least 7-8 g of protein. | 24 | page=24,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the role of Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH) in insulin regimens? | used as a basal insulin in split-mix or pre- mix (twice daily insulin) regimens and in basal-bolus regimens | It can be used via the intravenous route in diabetic ketoacidosis, during perioperative period or labor. Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH) is used as a basal insulin in split-mix or pre- mix (twice daily insulin) regimens and in basal-bolus regimens. This preparation cannot be given by intravenous route or in insulin pumps. | 142 | definition | 1.000 | Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH) is used as a basal insulin in split-mix or pre- mix (twice daily insulin) regimens and in basal-bolus regimens. | 31 | page=31,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the advantage of impedance-based glucometers over colorimetric-based glucometers? | considered to be more accurate compared to colorimetric-based glucometers | The use of a glucometer does not require much technical expertise and can be used easily by adults as well as children. Impedance-based glucometers are considered to be more accurate compared to colorimetric-based glucometers. Most glucometers utilise one of the three enzymatic reactions-glucose oxidase, hexokinase and glucose dehydrogenase. | 152 | definition | 1.000 | Impedance-based glucometers are considered to be more accurate compared to colorimetric-based glucometers. | 43 | page=43,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What can be used to assess significant hyperkalemia or hypokalemia if immediate serum potassium measurements are unavailable? | not available, a bedside ECG may help determine the presence of significant hyperkalemia or hypokalemia at tissue level | In case of hypokalemia, potassium replacement may be started after initial fluid resuscitation, but insulin therapy should not be initiated till serum potassium is >3.3 mmol/L. If immediate serum potassium measurements are not available, a bedside ECG may help determine the presence of significant hyperkalemia or hypokalemia at tissue level. Hypokalemia is indicated by the flattening/inversion of T waves, ST segment depression, wide QT interval, and presence of U waves. | 223 | definition | 1.000 | If immediate serum potassium measurements are not available, a bedside ECG may help determine the presence of significant hyperkalemia or hypokalemia at tissue level. | 56 | page=56,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What causes neurogenic symptoms and what do they include? | a result of sympathoadrenal discharge and include adrenergic symptoms (such as tremor, palpitations and anxiety/ arousal) and cholinergic symptoms (such as hunger, sweating and paresthesias) | In patients with recurrent hypoglycemia, the glycemic threshold may shift to much lower concentration, while in those with poorly controlled diabetes, it may shift to much higher plasma glucose concentration 35. The neurogenic symptoms are a result of sympathoadrenal discharge and include adrenergic symptoms (such as tremor, palpitations and anxiety/ arousal) and cholinergic symptoms (such as hunger, sweating and paresthesias). The symptoms are typically stereotypical for a given individual. | 240 | definition | 1.000 | The neurogenic symptoms are a result of sympathoadrenal discharge and include adrenergic symptoms (such as tremor, palpitations and anxiety/ arousal) and cholinergic symptoms (such as hunger, sweating and paresthesias). | 60 | page=60,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What effect does low serum pH have on iron binding to transferrin? | known to inhibit binding of iron to transferrin, making free iron available for utilization by the ferrophilic fungi | ROCM commonly occurs in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and DKA is present in 30-70% of cases at the time of presentation. Low serum pH is known to inhibit binding of iron to transferrin, making free iron available for utilization by the ferrophilic fungi. Also, both hyperglycemia and acidosis inhibit chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils and macrophages, impairing host defenses against invasion by Zygomycetes54,58. | 152 | definition | 1.000 | Low serum pH is known to inhibit binding of iron to transferrin, making free iron available for utilization by the ferrophilic fungi. | 66 | page=66,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What complication occurs early in the disease course involving the lower motor neuron of the face? | a complication seen early in the disease course, while other cranial nerves (IX,X,XI,XII) may get involved as the infection invades further into skull base | Patients present with throbbing otalgia and purulent ear discharge. Lower motor neuron facial palsy is a complication seen early in the disease course, while other cranial nerves (IX,X,XI,XII) may get involved as the infection invades further into skull base. The presence of cranial nerve palsy portends a poor prognosis62. | 103 | definition | 1.000 | Lower motor neuron facial palsy is a complication seen early in the disease course, while other cranial nerves (IX,X,XI,XII) may get involved as the infection invades further into skull base. | 67 | page=67,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the primary treatment approach for infections that require bacterial or fungal cultures? | the mainstay of therapy and should be initiated empirically once the pus sample has been sent for bacterial/fungal cultures | Nuclear imaging modalities like Technetium 99m bone scintigraphy and Gallium (Ga-67) scan are helpful in monitoring the disease progression63,64. Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of therapy and should be initiated empirically once the pus sample has been sent for bacterial/fungal cultures. The initial antimicrobial therapy could be an antipseudomonal penicillin/cephalosporin (piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazone-sulbactam or ceftazidime) in combination with a fluroquinolone (ciprofloxacin)65. | 171 | definition | 1.000 | Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of therapy and should be initiated empirically once the pus sample has been sent for bacterial/fungal cultures. | 67 | page=67,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What imaging method is preferred for identifying and assessing abnormal gas accumulation in the abdomen? | the imaging modality of choice to identify and stage the anatomical extent of abnormal gas accumulation | Radiograph of kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) region may show gas overlying the renal fossa while ultrasonography may reveal enlarged kidney with hyperechogenic foci within. CT abdomen is the imaging modality of choice to identify and stage the anatomical extent of abnormal gas accumulation. A radiological grading system based on CT findings proposed by Heung and Tseng is as follows | 189 | definition | 1.000 | CT abdomen is the imaging modality of choice to identify and stage the anatomical extent of abnormal gas accumulation. | 70 | page=70,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does retinal ischemia stimulate the formation of? | a potent stimulant for formation of various growth factors, most important of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Together, these changes lead to capillary occlusion and ischemia. Retinal ischemia is a potent stimulant for formation of various growth factors, most important of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Binding of these growth factors to their receptor triggers various pathways leading to endothelial damage, increased capillary permeability and promoting angiogenesis and neovascularization. | 86 | definition | 1.000 | Retinal ischemia is a potent stimulant for formation of various growth factors, most important of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). | 79 | page=79,block=7 | 0.850 | valid |
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