23 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Fumigation of Apple for coding moth, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 10 of the 23 pairs (43.5%) are explanatory questions and 13 restate a figure. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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# One-time install: pip install desidata
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("fumigation-of-apple-for-codling-moth-question-and-answer-dataset")
df.head()Sign in with Google to download.
Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 23 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Why is the use of methyl bromide being restricted globally? | its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives | New Zealand apples have been able to be exported to Japan since 1993 after irst being fumigated with methyl bromide followed by cool-storage as a mandatory postharvest treatment (Anonymous 1993). Methyl bromide use is being limited worldwide because of its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives. Phosphine has a long history as a product for disinfesting grain (Chaudhry 1997) and recently has been used as a pest mitigation treatment at cool-storage temperatures for a wide variety of fresh produce in Chile (Horn et al. | 253 | relationship | 0.970 | Methyl bromide use is being limited worldwide because of its toxic and ozone- depleting properties (Anonymous 2001), leading to a search for alternatives. | 1 | page=1,block=4 | 0.800 | valid |
| Why might larvae within fruit flesh be harder to kill using phosphine fumigation? | less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere | These are very long exposure times that would not be well accepted by the New Zealand pipfruit sector. this study was undertaken using naked insects and it is probable that larvae within the fruit lesh would be harder to kill because less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere. Oxygen is important for the toxicity of phosphine against insects (Chaudhry 1997; Liu 2011). | 234 | relationship | 0.970 | this study was undertaken using naked insects and it is probable that larvae within the fruit lesh would be harder to kill because less of the fumigant may reach the insect and also because the larva would be exposed to a lower oxygen atmosphere. | 5 | page=5,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What potential role could phosphine have in improving market access? | reducing the risk of detecting live pests | 2005). Based upon the results of the present study, the pipfruit sector has chosen not to pursue the development of a mandatory phosphine postharvest quarantine treatment at this time. Phosphine could potentially have a role as a mitigation treatment to improve market access by reducing the risk of detecting live pests, similar to the way it has been used on kiwifruit (Jamieson et al. 2012). Using phosphine in this way would depend on its activity against other pests and its effects on fruit quality, and would require a careful comparison of costs and beneits. Jamieson et al. (2012) highlighted the need for the commercialisation of phosphine for perishables to be based upon cohesive research, which has not always happened internationally. | 279 | relationship | 0.970 | Phosphine could potentially have a role as a mitigation treatment to improve market access by reducing the risk of detecting live pests, similar to the way it has been used on kiwifruit (Jamieson et al. | 6 | page=6,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What was reviewed by Chaudhry MQ in 1997? | the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. | pomonella. In: Singh P, Moore RF ed. Handbook of insect rearing. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. Pp. 237-248. Bo L, Fanhua Z, Yuejin W 2010. Toxicity of phosphine to Carposina niponensis (Lepidoptera: Carposinadae) at low temperature. Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1988-1993. Brinton FE, Proverbs MD, Carty BE 1969. Artiicial diet for mass production of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canadian Entomologist 101: 577-584. Chaudhry MQ 1997. A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. Pesticide Science 49: 213-228. Chaudhry MQ, Bell HA, Savvidou N, MacNicoll AD 2004. Effect of low temperatures on the rate of respiration and uptake of phosphine in different life stages of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.). | 503 | summary | 0.970 | A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. Pesticide Science 49: 213-228. | 6 | page=6,block=8 | ||
| What effect of low temperatures was studied by Chaudhry MQ, Bell HA, Savvidou N, and MacNicoll AD in 2004? | Effect of low temperatures on the rate of respiration and uptake of phosphine in different life stages of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.). | pomonella. In: Singh P, Moore RF ed. Handbook of insect rearing. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. Pp. 237-248. Bo L, Fanhua Z, Yuejin W 2010. Toxicity of phosphine to Carposina niponensis (Lepidoptera: Carposinadae) at low temperature. Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1988-1993. Brinton FE, Proverbs MD, Carty BE 1969. Artiicial diet for mass production of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canadian Entomologist 101: 577-584. Chaudhry MQ 1997. A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. Pesticide Science 49: 213-228. Chaudhry MQ, Bell HA, Savvidou N, MacNicoll AD 2004. Effect of low temperatures on the rate of respiration and uptake of phosphine in different life stages of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.). | 708 | summary | 0.970 | Chaudhry MQ, Bell HA, Savvidou N, MacNicoll AD 2004. Effect of low temperatures on the rate of respiration and uptake of phosphine in different life stages of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.). | ||||
| Which temperatures were more effective for controlling fifth instar larvae? | higher temperatures were better for controlling ifth instar larvae | lower phosphine fumigation temperatures were more eficacious for 1-day-old eggs, but higher temperatures were better for controlling ifth instar larvae. Many of the codling moth larvae categorised as live after exposure to higher concentrations and/or higher temperature could be classiied as moribund. These larvae were pink, not laccid, but only capable of slight movements and when these barely alive larvae were examined 10 days after treatment, most remained moribund. While appearing to be near dead, as discussed by Jamieson et al. (2012), a phytosanitary inspector will justiiably determine moribund larvae to | 85 | comparison | 0.920 | lower phosphine fumigation temperatures were more eficacious for 1-day-old eggs, but higher temperatures were better for controlling ifth instar larvae. | 4 | page=4,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the reason that oxygen concentrations within the fruit lesh surrounding the codling moth larvae may have been much lower? | fruit and insect respiration | However, oxygen concentrations within the fruit lesh surrounding the codling moth larvae may have been much lower because of fruit and insect respiration. Liu (2012) suggested that highly oxygenated atmospheres may be important for reducing the long fumigation times associated with phosphine fumigation to achieve complete mortality. | 125 | relationship | 0.890 | oxygen concentrations within the fruit lesh surrounding the codling moth larvae may have been much lower because of fruit and insect respiration. | 5 | page=5,block=0 | 0.800 | valid |
| What factor is phosphine toxicity related to in insects? | the insects’ metabolic rate | Phosphine toxicity typically increases with temperature and has been shown to be related to the insects’ metabolic rate (Chaudhry 1997; Chaudhry et al. 2004). | 92 | relationship | 0.890 | Phosphine toxicity typically increases with temperature and has been shown to be related to the insects’ metabolic rate (Chaudhry 1997; Chaudhry et al. | 5 | page=5,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What considerations would influence the decision to use phosphine as a mitigation treatment? | its activity against other pests and its effects on fruit quality | 2005). Based upon the results of the present study, the pipfruit sector has chosen not to pursue the development of a mandatory phosphine postharvest quarantine treatment at this time. Phosphine could potentially have a role as a mitigation treatment to improve market access by reducing the risk of detecting live pests, similar to the way it has been used on kiwifruit (Jamieson et al. 2012). Using phosphine in this way would depend on its activity against other pests and its effects on fruit quality, and would require a careful comparison of costs and beneits. Jamieson et al. (2012) highlighted the need for the commercialisation of phosphine for perishables to be based upon cohesive research, which has not always happened internationally. | 439 | list | 0.820 | Using phosphine in this way would depend on its activity against other pests and its effects on fruit quality, and would require a careful comparison of costs and beneits. | 6 | page=6,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| Which apple varieties are mentioned in the 1993 notification by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries? | Gala, Granny Smith, Fuji, Braeburn, Red Delicious and Royal Gala | REFERENCES Abbott WS 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Economic Entomology 18: 265-257. Anonymous 1993. Notiication No. 582. Modiication of details concerning ixing the standard by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in connection with fresh apple varieties such as Gala, Granny Smith, Fuji, Braeburn, Red Delicious and Royal Gala shipped from New Zealand. Annex: 1(4) MAFF Japan Plant Quarantine Law: May 28 1993. Anonymous 2001. Protection of stratospheric | 313 | list | 0.820 | Modiication of details concerning ixing the standard by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in connection with fresh apple varieties such as Gala, Granny Smith, Fuji, Braeburn, Red Delicious and Royal Gala shipped from New Zealand. | 6 | page=6,block=3 | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 6 |
| page=6,block=8 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |