11 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Fertility Rate | Our World in Data, published by ourworldindata.org. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 8 of the 11 pairs (72.7%) are explanatory questions and 3 restate a figure. 90.91% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
Use the API URL with your free DD token in notebooks, scripts, and pipelines.
https://www.desidata.in/api/datasets/fertility-rate-question-and-answer-dataset/downloadDataset downloads are free. For Python or API downloads, sign in once and create a free DD token; set it as DD_TOKEN or save it in your notebook's secrets. Requests are linked to your account so your download history and counts stay accurate.
# One-time install: pip install desidata
# Set DD_TOKEN in your environment first (create a free token in Profile & settings).
import desidata
df = desidata.load("fertility-rate-question-and-answer-dataset")
df.head()Sign in with Google to download.
Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
Annual Report 2015-16 by agriwelfare.gov.in - Question and Answer Dataset
Economy · 1,013 rows
Higher Education in India - Question and Answer Dataset
Economy · 1,594 rows
Gender Policy of NABARD - Question and Answer Dataset
Economy · 14 rows
ICAR Annual Report 2025-26 - Question and Answer Dataset
Economy · 1,101 rows
First 10 of 11 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Why is the effective fertility rate in Niger lower than the total fertility rate in 2023? | high child mortality rates, 1 in 6 children in the country aren’t expected to survive until adulthood, and the effective fertility rate therefore is 5 children per woman | For example, Niger had a total fertility rate of 6 in 2023, but because of high child mortality rates, 1 in 6 children in the country aren’t expected to survive until adulthood, and the effective fertility rate therefore is 5 children per woman. The effective fertility rate also shows large differences around the world, but less so than the total fertility rate because high fertility is correlated with high child mortality. | 75 | relationship | 0.970 | Niger had a total fertility rate of 6 in 2023, but because of high child mortality rates, 1 in 6 children in the country aren’t expected to survive until adulthood, and the effective fertility rate therefore is 5 children per woman. | p[15] | 0.800 | valid | |
| What influences people’s choices about the timing and number of children they have? | broader trends in societies and economies | How many children people have, and how this changes over time, are important drivers ofpopulation growthand theage structureof populations. People’s decisions about when and how many children to have, in turn, reflect broader trends in societies and economies. Globally, thetotal fertility ratewas 2.3 children per woman in 2023. This is much lower than in the past; in the 1950s, it was more than twice as high: 4.9. The total fertility rate is the most commonly used metric to assess birth patterns: it captures the average number of births per woman, assuming she experiences the same age-specific fertility rates over her lifetime as the age-specific fertility rates in one particular year. It’s important to note that this does not predict how many children women will eventually have. On this page, we present a wide range of different measures related to fertility. | 218 | relationship | 0.970 | People’s decisions about when and how many children to have, in turn, reflect broader trends in societies and economies. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What health risks are linked to teenage motherhood? | a greater risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and challenges for the baby’s health and development | For countries without data broken down by birth order, you can explore the average age across all births in this related chart. Explore the average age of mothers at childbirth across all births. Teenage motherhood can be a health risk to both mothers and babies. It means a greater risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and challenges for the baby’s health and development. These are especially concerning in regions with limited healthcare. In many parts of the world, teenage motherhood remains common. This is shown in the map. In sub-Saharan Africa, around 100 in 1000 girls aged 15 to 19 give birth yearly. In Europe and East Asia, adolescent birth rates are much lower, with fewer than 20 in 1000 giving birth annually. Over time, teenage motherhood has declined gradually around the world. | 273 | relationship | 0.970 | It means a greater risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and challenges for the baby’s health and development. | p[15] | 0.700 | valid | |
| How has the average age of women at childbirth changed over time in many countries? | declined slightly in the early twentieth century but has risen since then | Unfortunately, this data is only available for some countries. We’ll explore data from the United States. As you can see, having exactly two children is the most common family size. This is the case in many high-income countries, as you can see by clicking the “Change country” button. In the US, for women born in 1971, around one in three have two children. One in five have one child, and another one in five have three children. The chart here shows the average age of women who have children in a given year by the number of births they’ve had. In many countries, women's average age at childbirth declined slightly in the early twentieth century but has risen since then. This pattern is visible in many countries worldwide. By clicking the “Edit countries” button, you explore this data for other countries with available data. | 603 | summary | 0.970 | In many countries, women's average age at childbirth declined slightly in the early twentieth century but has risen since then. | p[15] | 0.700 | valid | |
| How has teenage motherhood changed over time globally? | declined gradually around the world | For countries without data broken down by birth order, you can explore the average age across all births in this related chart. Explore the average age of mothers at childbirth across all births. Teenage motherhood can be a health risk to both mothers and babies. It means a greater risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and challenges for the baby’s health and development. These are especially concerning in regions with limited healthcare. In many parts of the world, teenage motherhood remains common. This is shown in the map. In sub-Saharan Africa, around 100 in 1000 girls aged 15 to 19 give birth yearly. In Europe and East Asia, adolescent birth rates are much lower, with fewer than 20 in 1000 giving birth annually. Over time, teenage motherhood has declined gradually around the world. | 777 | summary | 0.970 | Over time, teenage motherhood has declined gradually around the world. | p[15] | 0.700 | valid | |
| How does the total fertility rate in 2023 compare to the 1950s? | much lower than in the past; in the 1950s, it was more than twice as high | How many children people have, and how this changes over time, are important drivers ofpopulation growthand theage structureof populations. People’s decisions about when and how many children to have, in turn, reflect broader trends in societies and economies. Globally, thetotal fertility ratewas 2.3 children per woman in 2023. This is much lower than in the past; in the 1950s, it was more than twice as high: 4.9. The total fertility rate is the most commonly used metric to assess birth patterns: it captures the average number of births per woman, assuming she experiences the same age-specific fertility rates over her lifetime as the age-specific fertility rates in one particular year. It’s important to note that this does not predict how many children women will eventually have. On this page, we present a wide range of different measures related to fertility. | 338 | comparison | 0.920 | This is much lower than in the past; in the 1950s, it was more than twice as high: 4.9. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| How have fertility rates in India shifted since the 1970s? | from 5 to 2 births per woman | We cover parental ages at birth, teenage birth rates, twin birth rates, the use of reproductive technologies, and more. By looking at these additional metrics, we can better understand when, why, and how parents have children — and what this means for individuals and societies. The following section highlights the key insights on this topic. Below are links to our in-depth articles, which explore several topics in more detail. Fertility rates have fallen around the world. total fertility rates in India have fallen from 5 to 2 births per woman since the 1970s. South Korea has seen a particularly rapid decline: from a total fertility rate of around 6 births per woman in the 1950s to less than 1 in 2023. As you can see, this decline in fertility rates is not linear in many countries. | 520 | comparison | 0.920 | total fertility rates in India have fallen from 5 to 2 births per woman since the 1970s. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What topics are examined to better understand parental decisions about having children? | parental ages at birth, teenage birth rates, twin birth rates, the use of reproductive technologies, and more | We cover parental ages at birth, teenage birth rates, twin birth rates, the use of reproductive technologies, and more. By looking at these additional metrics, we can better understand when, why, and how parents have children — and what this means for individuals and societies. The following section highlights the key insights on this topic. Below are links to our in-depth articles, which explore several topics in more detail. Fertility rates have fallen around the world. total fertility rates in India have fallen from 5 to 2 births per woman since the 1970s. South Korea has seen a particularly rapid decline: from a total fertility rate of around 6 births per woman in the 1950s to less than 1 in 2023. As you can see, this decline in fertility rates is not linear in many countries. | 9 | list | 0.820 | We cover parental ages at birth, teenage birth rates, twin birth rates, the use of reproductive technologies, and more. | p[0] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What should users check before using third-party data made available by Our World in Data? | the license of any such third-party data | Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This topic page can be cited as: BibTeX citation All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under theCreative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. | 730 | factual | 0.570 | We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. | p[52] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What does Our World in Data indicate in its documentation regarding third-party data? | the original source of the data | Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This topic page can be cited as: BibTeX citation All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under theCreative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. | 649 | factual | 0.570 | We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. | p[52] | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.