255 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Chapter1 Algorithms for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, published by icmr.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 159 of the 255 pairs (62.4%) are explanatory questions and 96 restate a figure. 98.43% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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# One-time install: pip install desidata
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("chapter-1-algorithms-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-question-and-answer-dataset")
df.head()Sign in with Google to download.
Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 255 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the current role of AFP estimation in the diagnostic process for hepatocellular carcinoma? | no longer part of diagnostic algorithm of HCC | If a suspicious nodule measuring >1cm fails to show typical enhancement pattern on both dynamic CT and dynamic MRI, image guided sampling is indicated. AFP estimation is no longer part of diagnostic algorithm of HCC. A PET scan is not routinely recommended. | 170 | definition | 1.000 | AFP estimation is no longer part of diagnostic algorithm of HCC. | 16 | page=16,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the recommended test for surveillance in certain chronic hepatitis patients? | a six-monthly ultrasound abdomen by an experienced radiologist | Noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B (males >40 years and females >50 years), chronic HBV infection of any age with family history of HCC, or chronic HCV with advanced fibrosis are candidates for surveillance.29 (Level 1a, Grade A). The recommended surveillance test is a six-monthly ultrasound abdomen by an experienced radiologist.30 (Level 1a, Grade A) Serum alfa- fetoprotein has no role in surveillance. | 280 | definition | 1.000 | The recommended surveillance test is a six-monthly ultrasound abdomen by an experienced radiologist. | 18 | page=18,block=8 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the process of Transarterial radio-embolization (TARE) Radioembolisation? | the loco-regional therapy where the tumoricidal dose of radioactive isotope like yttrium 90 microspheres are injected by the Trans arterial route into the tumor vascularity | However the complications can be avoided if adequate risks mitigation measures are undertaken. Transarterial radio-embolization (TARE) Radioembolisation is the loco-regional therapy where the tumoricidal dose of radioactive isotope like yttrium 90 microspheres are injected by the Trans arterial route into the tumor vascularity. The yttrium 90 which is a beta emitter has a half life of 64.1 hours. | 156 | definition | 1.000 | Transarterial radio-embolization (TARE) Radioembolisation is the loco-regional therapy where the tumoricidal dose of radioactive isotope like yttrium 90 microspheres are injected by the Trans arterial route into the tumor vascularity. | 35 | page=35,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What materials are used to make microspheres with Y90 embedded in them? | made up of glass or resin with Y90 embedded into the micropsheres | The microspheres being small in size can even penetrate the vascularity of the tumor thrombus, which helps to recanalise or to cause necrosis of the tumor thrombus. The microspheres are made up of glass or resin with Y90 embedded into the micropsheres. The procedure is contraindicated in case of severe liver dysfunction (Sr bilirubin >3mg %), angio architecture not suitable to prevent non target embolization or if the hepato pulmonary shunt fraction is more than 20 %. | 186 | definition | 1.000 | The microspheres are made up of glass or resin with Y90 embedded into the micropsheres. | 35 | page=35,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the status of radiotherapy in international HCC treatment guidelines? | not yet an accepted standard of care in most international HCC treatment guidelines 164 | HCC lesions up to 10 cm are potential targets for SBRT, and SBRT may even control tumours greater than 10 cm, although this is more technically challenging and has a higher risk of side effects. Radiotherapy is not yet an accepted standard of care in most international HCC treatment guidelines 164. Although there are no phase III data as yet to support SBRT, it is an accepted treatment option for early-stage HCC at multidisciplinary HCC management | 211 | definition | 1.000 | Radiotherapy is not yet an accepted standard of care in most international HCC treatment guidelines 164. | 40 | page=40,block=8 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does primary prevention involve for reducing the risk of HCC? | reducing exposure to various carcinogenic hepatotoxins | Isolated reports implicating genetic risk facors are available from Indian researchers. The involvement of CDKN2B, SOCS1, CDH1, GSTP1, and MYC was shown to alter DNA methylation in the molecular pathogenesis of hepatitis virus- related HCC. Shorter telemores have also been found in telomerase-positive HCC patients. Variants in low penetrance genes such as GSTM1 and GSTT1 and mEPHX as well as genetic variations of p53 and XRCC1 have also been associated with HCC risk. In the near future, HBV genotype variant analysis and genome-wide association studies may assist in predicting HCC in chronic hepatitis B infected patients. (Level 3b, Grade C) Prevention Among cancers as a whole, HCC is particularly amenable to prevention given a detailed understanding of risk factors. Primary prevention entails reducing exposure to various carcinogenic hepatotoxins. | 804 | definition | 1.000 | Primary prevention entails reducing exposure to various carcinogenic hepatotoxins. | 18 | page=18,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What imaging characteristics define the radiological hallmark of HCC? | hyper-enhancement on arterial phase and wash-out on porto-venous (delayed phase) | For nodules >1cm in size, a dynamic (3-phase or 4-phase) CT or MRI is recommended, including late arterial phase and portal venous phase. The HCC radiological hallmark includes hyper-enhancement on arterial phase and wash-out on porto-venous (delayed phase). Those nodular lesions, which do not show this typical enhancement pattern on one of the dynamic scans, should undergo the other scan (CT or MRI). Contrast-enhanced USG (CE-USG) is unable to distinguish HCC from intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hence the use of CE-EUS has declined for non-invasive diagnosis of HCC. Non-invasive diagnosis can be established by demonstration of the typical HCC radiological hallmark by one of the imaging technique in nodules > 2 cm, and by two coincidental techniques with nodules of 1-2 cm in diameter (dynamic CT or dynamic MRI). | 177 | definition | 1.000 | The HCC radiological hallmark includes hyper-enhancement on arterial phase and wash-out on porto-venous (delayed phase). | 19 | page=19,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What purpose does staining with liver-specific markers serve? | distinguishing poorly differentiated HCC from metastatic cancer | 7 Consensus Document for Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma easier and may be safer than histology cores. Cytology diagnosis of HCC may be difficult in the subsets of well-differentiated HCC, sclerotic type of tumors, and in hepato-cholangiocarcinomas. In these cases, a core biopsy may be required for evaluation of tissue architecture. Note that if the patient is a surgical or transplant candidate, surgical evaluation should be done before any biopsy. Immunohistochemical markers useful for diagnosing HCC include glypican-3 (GPC-3), glutamine synthase (GS), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70). 38These are markers of malignancy and are useful for distinguishing HCC from nodules with high-grade dysplasia (dysplastic nodules). For distinguishing poorly differentiated HCC from metastatic cancer, staining by liver specific markers is useful. | 741 | definition | 1.000 | For distinguishing poorly differentiated HCC from metastatic cancer, staining by liver specific markers is useful. | 20 | page=20,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does the T4 stage represent in the TNM classification? | Tumor(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum | Primary Tumor (T) Tx Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Solitary tumor without vascular invasion T2 Solitary tumor with vascular invasion; or multiple tumors, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension T3 Multiple tumors more than 5 cm in greatest dimension or tumor involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic veins(s) T3a Multiple tumors more than 5 cm T3b Tumor(s) any size involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic vein(s) T4 Tumor(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum Regional Lymph Nodes (N) Histologic examination of a regional lymphadenectomy specimen usually involves examination of 3 or more lymph nodes. The regional lymph nodes of the hepatic region include the hilar, hepatoduodenal ligament, inferior phrenic, and caval lymph nodes. | 476 | definition | 1.000 | Primary Tumor (T) Tx Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Solitary tumor without vascular invasion T2 Solitary tumor with vascular invasion; or multiple tumors, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension T3 Multiple tumors more than 5 cm in greatest dimension or tumor involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic veins(s) T3a Multiple tumors more than 5 cm T3b Tumor(s) any size involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic vein(s) T4 Tumor(s) with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum | ||||
| What is one characteristic of low-grade dysplastic nodules? | a clonal cell population with mild increase in cellularity in comparison to the surroundings but without architectural atypia | Low grade dysplastic nodules (LGDN): a clonal cell population with mild increase in cellularity in comparison to the surroundings but without architectural atypia; portal structures are identified within LGDN. 2. High grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN): frank cytological and architectural atypia but insufficient for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma; portal tracts detectable within HGDN albeit reduced. Small HCC 1. Early HCC: vaguely nodular lesion with indistinct margins, well differentiated histology, and a few portal tracts identifiable. 2. Progressed HCC: a distinctly nodular lesion with well to moderately differentiated histology in which malignancy is easy to recognize; no portal tracts are identified. Role of immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma IHC may be employed to resolve diagnostic issues encountered on morphology. | 37 | definition | 1.000 | Low grade dysplastic nodules (LGDN): a clonal cell population with mild increase in cellularity in comparison to the surroundings but without architectural atypia; portal structures are identified within LGDN. | 27 |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 25 |
| page=25,block=6 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=27,block=2 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |