50 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Cancer | Our World in Data, published by ourworldindata.org. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 37 of the 50 pairs (74.0%) are explanatory questions and 13 restate a figure. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("cancer-our-world-in-data-question-and-answer-dataset")
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Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 50 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What are diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth that can form tumors? | a group of diseases in which abnormal cells multiply rapidly and can grow into tumors | As of 2021,around 15%of all deaths were cancer deaths, making it one of the most commoncauses of deathglobally. Cancers are a group of diseases in which abnormal cells multiply rapidly and can grow into tumors. They can develop in different parts of the body and, in some cases, spread to other organs through the blood andlymph systems. | 124 | definition | 1.000 | Cancers are a group of diseases in which abnormal cells multiply rapidly and can grow into tumors. | p[0] | 0.850 | valid | |
| What does the term 'de novo mutations' refer to in the context of cancer-causing genetic mutations? | they arise by chance around the time of conception or early in development | In the United States, the leading causes of cancer death in children are brain and central nervous system cancers andleukemias. These organs rapidly grow and develop during childhood, which makes them more vulnerable to cancerous changes. These tend to be linked to risk factors early in development or genetic mutations. Some cancer-causing genetic mutations are inherited, but others are “de novo mutations” — meaning they arise by chance around the time of conception or early in development.7 | 420 | definition | 1.000 | Some cancer-causing genetic mutations are inherited, but others are “de novo mutations” — meaning they arise by chance around the time of conception or early in development.7 | p[33] | 0.700 | valid | |
| What is Tobacco smoking? | one of the world’s largest health problems today | Explore global data on life expectancy and how it has changed over time. Tobacco smoking is one of the world’s largest health problems today. See all interactive charts on cancer ↓ The chart below shows the cancers with the highestdeath ratesglobally. | 92 | definition | 0.980 | Tobacco smoking is one of the world’s largest health problems today. | p[0] | 0.850 | valid | |
| Why has the age-standardized death rate from cancer decreased over time in many countries? | improvements in diagnosis, research, medical advances, and public health efforts, as well as reductions inrisk factorssuch assmokingand somecancer-causing pathogens | However, theage-standardizeddeath rate from cancer has declined over time in many countries — due to improvements in diagnosis, research, medical advances, and public health efforts, as well as reductions inrisk factorssuch assmokingand somecancer-causing pathogens. On this page, we explore global data and research on different types of cancer. | 101 | relationship | 0.970 | theage-standardizeddeath rate from cancer has declined over time in many countries — due to improvements in diagnosis, research, medical advances, and public health efforts, as well as reductions inrisk factorssuch assmokingand somecancer-causing pathogens. | p[0] | 0.800 | valid | |
| Why does smoking increase the risk of various other cancers? | the chemicals in cigarette smoke can affect multiple parts of the respiratory system, and can travel via the bloodstream to other organs | Lung cancer isn’t the only risk from smoking. Smoking raises the risks of various other cancers as well, because the chemicals in cigarette smoke can affect multiple parts of the respiratory system, and can travel via the bloodstream to other organs. As the chart below shows, smoking increases the risk of death from cancers in various organs like the bladder, kidneys, pancreas, stomach, cervix, lungs, mouth, and throat.13 Smoking also increases the risks of death fromcardiovascular diseases,tuberculosis, andchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 113 | relationship | 0.970 | Smoking raises the risks of various other cancers as well, because the chemicals in cigarette smoke can affect multiple parts of the respiratory system, and can travel via the bloodstream to other organs. | p[57] | 0.800 | valid | |
| What opportunity do HPV vaccines provide in relation to cancer? | HPV vaccines offer a rare opportunity to effectively eliminate one type of cancer | This can help us better understand the risk factors for cancer, how cancer risks vary across the lifespan, how they differ worldwide, and how they have changed over time. Every year, around eight million people die prematurely as a result of smoking. But there are things we can do to prevent this. Before the 1970s, most children affected by leukemia would quickly die from it. Now, most children in rich countries are cured. HPV vaccines offer a rare opportunity to effectively eliminate one type of cancer. By taking this opportunity, it’s possible to save hundreds of thousands of women each year. To find ways to save lives, it’s essential to know what people are dying from. Explore global data and research on causes of death. People are living longer across the world, but large differences remain. Explore global data on life expectancy and how it has changed over time. | 427 | relationship | 0.970 | Now, most children in rich countries are cured. HPV vaccines offer a rare opportunity to effectively eliminate one type of cancer. | p[0] | 0.700 | ||
| What does the reduction in the age-standardized cancer death rate between 1990 and 2021 indicate? | those in 2021 had a cancer mortality rate one-third lower than those in 1990 | The chart below compares the crude to the age-standardized rate in the United States. You can click to change the country. The chart shows that theage-standardizedcancer death rate has fallen by one-third from 1990 to 2021. This means that, among people of the same ages, those in 2021 had a cancer mortality rate one-third lower than those in 1990. The decline in cancer mortality is due to many factors, including: One notable example is stomach cancer, which used to be one of the top causes of cancer death in countries like the United States. But age-standardized death rates from stomach cancer have declined a lot over time, as the chart below shows. in the United States, the death rate of stomach cancer was around 9 times lower in 2021 than it was in 1950. | 272 | relationship | 0.970 | This means that, among people of the same ages, those in 2021 had a cancer mortality rate one-third lower than those in 1990. | p[33] | 0.700 | valid | |
| Why are the brain and central nervous system more vulnerable to cancerous changes during childhood? | These organs rapidly grow and develop during childhood | In the United States, the leading causes of cancer death in children are brain and central nervous system cancers andleukemias. These organs rapidly grow and develop during childhood, which makes them more vulnerable to cancerous changes. These tend to be linked to risk factors early in development or genetic mutations. Some cancer-causing genetic mutations are inherited, but others are “de novo mutations” — meaning they arise by chance around the time of conception or early in development.7 | 128 | relationship | 0.970 | In the United States, the leading causes of cancer death in children are brain and central nervous system cancers andleukemias. These organs rapidly grow and develop during childhood, which makes them more vulnerable to cancerous changes. | p[33] | 0.700 | valid | |
| Why do some cancer types, like colorectal and breast cancer, appear to shrink at the oldest ages despite their risks continuing to rise? | The relative share of deaths from each cancer type in this chart is affected by the rise of other cancer types | cancers often develop in adults due to long-term exposure to risk factors, typically in organs such as the lungs, colon, pancreas, breasts, or prostate. The relative share of deaths from each cancer type in this chart is affected by the rise of other cancer types: some cancers may grow rapidly and outrank other cancers on the chart. This is why some cancer types, like colorectal and breast cancer, appear to shrink at the oldest ages, even though their risks actually continue to rise with age. The share of cancer deaths from each type varies between countries. You can explore an interactive chart for different countries showing the relative share of all cancer deaths from each cancer type here: The estimated percentage of deaths from different types of cancers as a proportion of all cancer-related deaths. | 153 | relationship | 0.970 | cancers often develop in adults due to long-term exposure to risk factors, typically in organs such as the lungs, colon, pancreas, breasts, or prostate. The relative share of deaths from each cancer type in this chart is affected by the rise of other cancer types: some cancers may grow rapidly and outrank other cancers on the chart. | ||||
| What has been achieved through understanding the genetic causes of childhood cancers? | identify children at risk earlier and develop targeted treatments with fewer side effects | Thanks to scientific research, medical advances, and public health efforts, the world has made significant progress in treating childhood cancers. The chart below shows this. There have been declines in cancer death rates across age groups, but especially among children. One reason for this progress is that scientists have learned more about the genetic causes of childhood cancers. This has helped identify children at risk earlier and develop targeted treatments with fewer side effects. There have also been advances in immunotherapy, stem cell transplants, radiation, and surgeries used to treat different types of childhood cancers. A prominent example is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a common form ofleukemiain children. Survival rates for ALL in children have increased greatly, thanks to improved treatments and bone marrow transplants. | 401 | relationship | 0.970 | This has helped identify children at risk earlier and develop targeted treatments with fewer side effects. | p[45] | 0.700 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| valid |
| p[45] |
| 0.700 |
| valid |