93 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from Icmr - Sop - 9, published by icmr.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 41 of the 93 pairs (44.1%) are explanatory questions and 52 restate a figure. 98.92% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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import desidata
df = desidata.load("anthrax-standard-operating-procedures-question-and-answer-dataset")
df.head()Sign in with Google to download.
Usable for analysis, but expect some cleaning before you rely on it.
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First 10 of 93 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is a viable option if incineration is not possible? | not possible deep burial may be a viable option | Ensure that an adequate amount of fuel is added to completely reduce the carcass to ash. If incineration is not possible deep burial may be a viable option. Incase of prolonged rains or logistical problem, carcasses disposal may be delayed. | 108 | definition | 1.000 | If incineration is not possible deep burial may be a viable option. | 9 | page=9,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the purpose of the spin column protocol? | used for extracting DNA from all samples | DNA from tissues and aspirates/fluids or cultures is extracted using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit or Blood Mini kit (Qiagen) as per manufacturer's instructions after the pre-treatment procedure The QIAamp DNA Stool (Qiagen) protocol is used to extract DNA from lysozyme treated stool. The spin column protocol is used for extracting DNA from all samples. DNA purity is measured using 260/280 nm in a Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop 2000 and the ratio is expected to be above 1.5. | 314 | definition | 1.000 | The spin column protocol is used for extracting DNA from all samples. | 23 | page=23,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What feature of colonies is described as the Medusa head appearance? | the edge of the colony which is composed of long interlacing chains of bacilli appears as locks of matted hair | 2.4. Culture characteristics : Nutrient agar Colonies are 2-3mm in size irregular, raised dull greyish whitewith frosted glass (ground glass)appearance. Medusa head appearance : When colonies are viewed low power microscope the edge of the colony which is composed of long interlacing chains of bacilli appears as locks of matted hair, giving medusa head appearance, may have fringed edge or put out curled protrusions (tailing). Colonies have tacky consistency. Blood Agar : Non-hemolytic dry white or greyish white wrinkled irregular, low convex colonies with tailing along the streak line. | 224 | definition | 1.000 | Medusa head appearance : When colonies are viewed low power microscope the edge of the colony which is composed of long interlacing chains of bacilli appears as locks of matted hair, giving medusa head appearance, may have fringed edge or put out curled protrusions (tailing). | 13 | page=13,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| How is the MIC determined in the microdilution wells? | the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits growth of the organism | Reading of plates: 1. Check purity of inoculum 2. Check sterility control well. It should be clear/non-turbid 3. Check growth control for adequate growth of at least 2mm button formation 4. The MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits growth of the organism in the microdilution wells as detected by the unaided eye 5. When single skipped well is seen, read the highest MIC 6. Do not report results if more than one skipped well is present 7. For trimethoprime and sulfonamides, read the end point at the concentration in which there is = 80% reduction in growth as compared to the control Recording template for microbroth dilution MIC: Fig : Broth microdilution test | 201 | definition | 1.000 | The MIC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits growth of the organism in the microdilution wells as detected by the unaided eye 5. | 17 | page=17,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What kind of resistance is found in most strains of naturally occurring B. anthracis? | a chromosomally mediated, weak, inducible Beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase | second and third generation cephalosporin, cotrimaxozole to be avoided in the management of Anthrax, as they are relatively resistant to these drugs[1] Most strains of naturally occurring B. anthracis have a chromosomally mediated, weak, inducible Beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase, and there have been rare reports of the development of resistance during therapy with penicillin, especially if subtherapeutic doses may have been administered. Being the most potent bioweapon the organism is expected to be ineffective to penicillin treatment due to the reason that the penicillin resistance can be induced in laboratory conditions. [2] The guidelines for bioterrorism-associated anthrax recommend use of fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, and doxycycline until resistance testing is available, as â-lactam resistance in such strains is presumed to be likely to be ruled out. | 206 | definition | 1.000 | anthracis have a chromosomally mediated, weak, inducible Beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase, and there have been rare reports of the development of resistance during therapy with penicillin, especially if subtherapeutic doses may have been administered. | ||||
| What is considered the standard method for testing antimicrobial susceptibility in anthrax? | the conventional broth microdilution (BMD) method | The gold standard for determining antimicrobial susceptibility for Anthrax is the conventional broth microdilution (BMD) method which is based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. [3] This method is growth- dependent and requires an incubation period of 16 to 20 h for B. anthracis. Other methods commonly used for AST are agar dilution and diffusion-based assays such as the disc diffusion and the Etest. These alternative methods, although easier to handle, require similar incubation times since visible growth is required for the interpretation of the results. | 78 | definition | 1.000 | The gold standard for determining antimicrobial susceptibility for Anthrax is the conventional broth microdilution (BMD) method which is based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. | 21 | page=21,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the principle behind the Indirect ELISA test for anti-PA antibodies? | IgG antibody to protective antigen (anti-PA) if present in the serum will bind to the antigen coated on the micro-titre plate | Purpose: To detect anti-PA (protective antigen) antibodies, which are suggestive of exposure to Bacillus anthracis Principle: Indirect ELISA; IgG antibody to protective antigen (anti-PA) if present in the serum will bind to the antigen coated on the micro-titre plate. The amount of antibody present will be proportional to the intensity of color generated when enzyme linked conjugate (anti- species antibody) is added. Sample: Canine serum Procedure: As per the prescribed kit insert Kit used: Anthrax Protective Antigen IgG ELISA (Cat No.SE120147); Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) Calculations : 1. Check Calibrator Factor (CF) value on the calibrator bottle. This value might vary from lot to lot. Make sure you check the value on every kit. 2. Calculate the cut-off value: Calibrator OD x Calibrator Factor (CF). 3. | 142 | definition | 1.000 | Purpose: To detect anti-PA (protective antigen) antibodies, which are suggestive of exposure to Bacillus anthracis Principle: Indirect ELISA; IgG antibody to protective antigen (anti-PA) if present in the serum will bind to the antigen coated on the micro-titre plate. | ||||
| What is Human blood? | not recommended for the preparation of blood agaras it may contain certain antibacterial substances and hence unsuitable for use in media preparation | Mix well and pour about 15 ml of blood agar over the base in each petri dish. Human blood is not recommended for the preparation of blood agaras it may contain certain antibacterial substances and hence unsuitable for use in media preparation. Alternately blood agar may be made with no agar base. | 93 | definition | 0.980 | Human blood is not recommended for the preparation of blood agaras it may contain certain antibacterial substances and hence unsuitable for use in media preparation. | 30 | page=30,block=5 | 0.850 | valid |
| Why does Anthrax remain a remarkably underreported disease? | failure tosuspect, detect and diagnose the disease in many parts of the India | Anthrax is a neglected disease with a potential for natural or manmade outbreaks.The extraordinary stability of B.anthracis spores that survive in soil for around 200 years and their resistance to many of the disinfection proceduresdemands extremely careful handling of samples or bacterial cultures and following stringent decontamination procedures. Anthrax remains a remarkably under-reporteddisease due to failure tosuspect, detect and diagnose the disease in many parts of the India. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has been at the forefront of addressing public health challengesand in providing technical support to fill the aforementioned gaps in biomedical research. | 410 | relationship | 0.970 | Anthrax remains a remarkably under-reporteddisease due to failure tosuspect, detect and diagnose the disease in many parts of the India. | 3 | page=3,block=1 | 0.800 | valid |
| Why should decolorizer not be applied until the color stops running off? | that will over decolorizer the bacteria. 2 | Stop the decolorization after 2 - 5 seconds with a gentle flow of water. Do not apply decolorizer until the color stops running off because that will over decolorizer the bacteria. 2. Rinse with gently flowing tap water or water from the wash bottle. | 140 | relationship | 0.970 | Do not apply decolorizer until the color stops running off because that will over decolorizer the bacteria. 2. | 12 | page=12,block=0 | 0.800 | valid |
Read straight from the file — download or use the API URL for the full dataset.
| 21 |
| page=21,block=0 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| 15 |
| page=15,block=1 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |