281 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from 2228 Agri (July).p65, published by desagri.gov.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 185 of the 281 pairs (65.8%) are explanatory questions and 96 restate a figure. 97.15% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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First 10 of 281 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is described as clearly insufficient in improving the lives of tropical forest dwellers? | the inadequacy of the present effort to improve the lot of the tropical forest dweller by such means | in their historical IDRC report recorded that "It is clear that the tremendous possibilities of production systems involving some combination of trees with agricultural crops are widely recognized, and that research aimed at developing the potential of such systems is planned or exists in a number of scattered areas. Equally evident is the inadequacy of the present effort to improve the lot of the tropical forest dweller by such means. A new front can and should be opened in the war against hunger, inadequate shelter, and environmental degradation. | 338 | definition | 1.000 | Equally evident is the inadequacy of the present effort to improve the lot of the tropical forest dweller by such means. | 18 | page=18,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What purpose do the woody parts of pigeon peas serve in rural India? | used as fuel in most of the parts of rural India | Seeds are rich source of iodine and iron. Pigeon peas woody parts are used as fuel in most of the parts of rural India. Its grain contains 342 kcal energy, 21.7 gm protein, 1.4 gm fat, 62.0 gm carbohydrate and 15.5 per cent total dietary fiber per hundred gram. | 70 | definition | 1.000 | Pigeon peas woody parts are used as fuel in most of the parts of rural India. | 23 | page=23,block=18 | 0.850 | valid |
| What test is used to determine if data differencing is necessary? | performed to determine whether a data differencing is needed | In this study, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) and the graph or time plot of the data and ACF and PACF are used to test whether the monthly tomato price data is stationary or non- stationary. An Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is performed to determine whether a data differencing is needed. The null hypothesis of the Augmented Dickey- Fuller t-test is: H0 : θ=0, meaning that the data needs to be differenced to make it stationary, versus the alternative hypothesis of H0 : θ=0, meaning that the data is stationary and doesnot need to be differenced. | 236 | definition | 1.000 | An Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is performed to determine whether a data differencing is needed. | 31 | page=31,block=0 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the purpose of various diagnostic tests? | used to check the adequacy of the tentative model | Diagnostic Checking The diagnostic check is a procedure that used to check the residuals (Halim and Bisono, 2008). Various diagnostic tests are used to check the adequacy of the tentative model. The best model is obtained with following diagnostics (Bhar and Sharma, 2007): Low Akaike Information Criteria (AIC)/Schwarz- Bayesian Information Criteria (SBC) AIC is given by AIC = (-2logL+2m) where m=p+q+P+Q and L is the likelihood function. | 144 | definition | 1.000 | Various diagnostic tests are used to check the adequacy of the tentative model. | 31 | page=31,block=11 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does the Soil Health Card scheme aim to provide to farmers? | to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients for improving soil health and its fertility | Soil Health Card helps in increasing the productivity and reduced the cost of production 93% samples for Soil Health Card tested so far Soil Health Card, a revolutionary scheme, was initiated for farmers and it has made a huge difference to farming and farm produce. It has helped in increasing the productivity and reduced the cost of production. Hon'ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi had inaugurated the scheme on February 19, 2015, in Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Soil Health Card provides information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients for improving soil health and its fertility. This also gives farmers information about the nature of the soil. And post recommendations, the farmers use fertilizers and other chemicals accordingly. This reduces cost and increases production. | 502 | definition | 1.000 | Soil Health Card provides information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients for improving soil health and its fertility. | 4 | |||
| What method did the Yoruba of western Nigeria use to save human energy? | an intensive system of mixed herbaceous, shrub and tree cropping | the Yoruba of western Nigeria practiced an intensive system of mixed herbaceous, shrub and tree cropping, as a means for conserving human energy by making full use of the limited space laboriously won from the dense forest, comparing that method to a multistoried building in a congested area in which only vertical expansion was possible. They also claim it to be an inexpensive means of combating erosion and leaching, useful for maintaining soil fertility (Ojo, 1966). As they picturesquely described it, "the plants eat and drink, as it were, not from one table, but from many tables under the same sky" (Henry, 1949). Such examples prove that the Articles The Chronology of Genesis and Development of Agro-forestry Innovations with Special Reference to India- A Review | 40 | definition | 1.000 | the Yoruba of western Nigeria practiced an intensive system of mixed herbaceous, shrub and tree cropping, as a means for conserving human energy by making full use of the limited space laboriously won from the dense forest, comparing that method to a multistoried building in a congested area in which only vertical expansion was possible. | 14 | |||
| What kind of shifting cultivation did the Hanunoo of the Philippines practice? | a complex and somewhat sophisticated type of shifting cultivation | 12 Agricultural Situation in India age old globally practiced tradition of agriculture farming with support of trees, which was later refined as agroforestry through intensive researches to minimize the negativities of such traditional combinations. In Asia, the Hanunoo of the Philippines practiced a complex and somewhat sophisticated type of shifting cultivation. While clearing the forest for agricultural use, they deliberately retained number of trees which, by the end of the rice-growing season, would "provide a partial canopy of new foliage" to prevent excessive exposure to the sun "at a time when moisture is more important than sunlight for the maturing grain". | 300 | definition | 1.000 | In Asia, the Hanunoo of the Philippines practiced a complex and somewhat sophisticated type of shifting cultivation. | 15 | page=15,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does 'Y0' signify in the context of the compounding formula? | the value of variable under study in the base period | (4) The formula for calculating Compound Growth Rate (CGR) from the log-linear equation can be derived as follows: Let "Y0" be the value of variable under study in the base period. 'Yt' be the value of variable in time 't'. 'Y' be the value of Compound Growth Rate (CGR), by using the compounding formula, are get, Yt = Y0(1 + r)t. ------------------(5) By taking Log - transformation of the equation (5), are get. Log Yt = logY0 + t log (1+r). Assuming, Log Y0 = log A. and Log (1+r) = b, The same expression can be represented as- Log Yt = log A + bt From the log-linear form, CGR can be worked out as follows: By differentiating, ( ) b dt Yt log d = But, the estimate of 'b' in the log-linear function is in semi-log terms. | 127 | definition | 1.000 | (4) The formula for calculating Compound Growth Rate (CGR) from the log-linear equation can be derived as follows: Let "Y0" be the value of variable under study in the base period. | 25 | page=25,block=16 | 0.700 | valid |
| What metric was applied to assess the forecasting accuracy of the SARIMA model? | mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) | July, 2017 29 2005 to Dec-2015 in order to validate the model. After obtaining satisfactory forecasting results over a short period, the selected SARIMA model was employed to forecast stream flow over a longer period, from Jan 2017 to December 2017. Forecasting performance of the selected SARIMA model is measured by using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) criteria. The MAPE is based on the one ahead forecast errors, which are the difference between the data value at time t and the forecast of that value at time t - 1 and time t + 1 (Makukule et al., 2012). MAPE is 3.86%, meaning that the forecasts are off by about 4% on an average (Albright et al., 2011). Results and Discussion Variability and Seasonality of Tomato Price The prices of tomato vary along the year with the time period from 2005 to 2014. The prices show a declining tendency during the first quarter of the year. | 324 | definition | 1.000 | Forecasting performance of the selected SARIMA model is measured by using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) criteria. | 32 | page=32,block=0 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the significance level for the parameters marked with an asterisk? | Significant at the 1 per cent level | Parameter Estimate Standard Error T ratio AR1 0.998 0.0623 15.73* MA1 0.1576 0.1318 -1. MA2 0.5306 0.0870 6.09* SAR1 0.4446 0.0853 5.22* SMA1 0.6551 0.1022 6.40* Constant 38.44 15.60 2.464* Note: * Significant at the 1 per cent level i.e. t-value=2. After estimating the parameters of this model, further analysis was done with the selected SARIMA (1, 0, 2) (1, 1, 1)12 model to check whether the residuals of the model are independent. The autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation up to 16 lags were computed. It is evident from Figure 7 that the values of the SARIMA (1, 0, 2) (1, 1, 1)12 residuals lie within the upper and lower confidence limits. This shows that the selected SARIMA (1, 0, 2) (1, 1, 1)12 model is appropriate model for the monthly tomato price forecasting. | 198 | definition | 1.000 | MA2 0.5306 0.0870 6.09* SAR1 0.4446 0.0853 5.22* SMA1 0.6551 0.1022 6.40* Constant 38.44 15.60 2.464* Note: * Significant at the 1 per cent level i.e. | 36 | page=36,block=13 | 0.700 | valid |
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| page=4,block=8 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |
| page=14,block=10 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |