114 extractive question-and-answer pairs built from 1. Insect pests, published by agritech.tnau.ac.in. Every answer is a verbatim span of text the source prints, and each row carries the passage it sits in, its offset in that passage, the source quote, the page and the location in the document, so any row can be checked against the original. 60 of the 114 pairs (52.6%) are explanatory questions and 54 restate a figure. 100.00% of rows pass the corpus quality gate.
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First 10 of 114 rows
| question | answer | context | answer_start | question_type | knowledge_quality_score | source_quote | source_page | source_location | confidence | validation_status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What type of structure is the inflorescence described as? | an apical panicle of 5-40 spikes like racemes | Leaf blades merging into the sheath, linear, with a broad, rounded base and acute top; rough margined, glabrous or at the base with a few long hairs, smooth or the upper surface minutely bristly. Inflorescence is an apical panicle of 5-40 spikes like racemes. Fruit are caryopsis ovoid to obovoid, compressed, 1.5-2 mm long. | 213 | definition | 1.000 | Inflorescence is an apical panicle of 5-40 spikes like racemes. | 28 | page=28,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What does compensation mean in the context of plants? | the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores | Plant compensation ability Compensation is defined as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and has been associated with increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots and remaining leaves to new leaves) during active vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory can arise from the interaction of a variety of plant traits and external environmental factors. Several studies have documented such compensation through increased growth and photosynthetic rate. | 54 | definition | 1.000 | Plant compensation ability Compensation is defined as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and has been associated with increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots and remaining leaves to new leaves) during active vegetative growth period. | 10 | page=10,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What does ecological engineering for pest management depend on? | the use of cultural techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control | III. Ecological engineering for pest management Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control. The cultural practices are informed by ecological knowledge rather than on high technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004a). Natural enemies may require 1. Food in the form of pollen and nectar for adult natural enemies. 2. Shelters such as overwintering sites, moderate microclimate, etc are needed. 3. Natural enemies may also require alternate host when primary host are not present. | 182 | definition | 1.000 | Ecological engineering for pest management Ecological engineering for pest management has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management approaches that rely on the use of cultural techniques to effect habitat manipulation and to enhance biological control. | 17 | page=17,block=1 | 0.700 | |
| What is cross-resistance in the context of insecticide resistance? | resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product | Citrus psylla or psyllid Same as in vegetative stage Mealybug Aphid Same as in vegetative stage Same as in vegetative stage Scale Same as in vegetative stage Citrus leaf miner Same as in vegetative stage V. Insecticide resistance and its management Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product. | 582 | definition | 1.000 | Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product. | 24 | page=24,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What are major predators? | a wide variety of spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc | Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predatory natural enemies number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects, etc. The major predators are a wide variety of spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc. | 213 | definition | 0.980 | The major predators are a wide variety of spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc. | 17 | page=17,block=1 | 0.850 | valid |
| What is the reason that Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predatory natural enemies number also will increase? | availability of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects, etc | However, biopesticides produced by farmers for own consumption in their fields, registration is not required). Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predatory natural enemies number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects, etc. The major predators are a wide variety of spiders, lady bird beetles, long horned grasshoppers, Chrysoperla, earwigs, etc. | 246 | relationship | 0.970 | Due to enhancement of biodiversity by the flowering plants, parasitoids and predatory natural enemies number also will increase due to availability of nectar, pollen, fruits, insects, etc. | 17 | page=17,block=1 | 0.800 | valid |
| Why should farmers avoid using too high a dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers? | the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible to insects and diseases | If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible to insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low, the crop growth is retarded. So, the farmers should apply an adequate for best results. | 53 | relationship | 0.970 | If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too succulent and therefore susceptible to insects and diseases. | 9 | page=9,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| Why should phosphatic fertilizers not be applied every season? | the residual phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season also | The phosphatic fertilizers should not be applied each and every season as the residual phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season also. | 74 | relationship | 0.970 | The phosphatic fertilizers should not be applied each and every season as the residual phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current season also. | 9 | page=9,block=1 | 0.700 | valid |
| What is the purpose of AESA being a season-long activity? | it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices | AESA and farmer field school (FFS) AESA is a season-long training activity that takes place in the farmer field. It is season-long so that it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices. The process is always learner-centered, participatory and relying on an experiential learning approach and therefore it has become an integral part of FFS. | 139 | relationship | 0.970 | It is season-long so that it covers all the different developmental stages of the crop and their related management practices. | 15 | page=15,block=2 | 0.700 | valid |
| What measures can help reduce the prevalence of resistant genes in pest populations? | providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent "refuge" fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field | Avoid the repeated use of the same insecticide, insecticides in the same chemical class, or insecticides in different classes with same mode of action and rotate/alternate insecticide classes and modes of action. 7) Preserve susceptible genes. Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population by providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent "refuge" fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field that facilitate immigration. These susceptible individuals may outcompete and interbreed with resistant individuals, diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of resistance. VI. Description of common weeds: Major kharif weeds 1. Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook. F. Amaranthaceae It is an erect 6 to 100 cm tall annual herb with especially upwards glabrous to pubescent stem. | 309 | relationship | 0.970 | Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population by providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent "refuge" fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field that facilitate immigration. | 25 |
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| valid |
| page=25,block=1 |
| 0.700 |
| valid |